ANALOG

CIRCUITS-18EC42

CREDITS: 04

Presented By:
Mrs. Nisha G R
Asst. Professor
Dept. of ECE
VCET, Puttur
 Comparison

The world of electronics is all about electrical circuits, electronic components, and interconnected technologies. All
these elements can be primarily categorized as digital, analog, or a combination of both.
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ANALOG ELECTRONICS 

 Analog electronics is a branch of electronics that deals with a continuously variable signal. It’s widely used in
radio and audio equipment along with other applications where signals are derived from analog sensors before
being converted into digital signals for subsequent storage and processing. Although digital circuits are
considered as a dominant part of today’s technological world, some of the most fundamental components in a
digital system are actually analog in nature.
 In order to understand the concept, let’s first try to analyze the word ‘Analog’.
WHAT IS ANALOG????

 Analog means continuous and real. The world we live in is analog in nature, implying that it’s full of infinite
possibilities. The number of smells we can sense, the number of tones we can hear, or the number of colors we can
paint with; everything is infinite. The people working in the field of analog electronics are basically dealing with
analog devices and circuits.
 For example, if we build a circuit and it counts values like 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; the values are neither infinite nor
continuous. On the other hand, if the circuit counts like 1.00000, 1.00001, 1.00002, 4.99999, 5.00000, the amount
of information would be infinite.
ANALOG SIGNALS

 Before proceeding with analog signals, let’s understand the simple meaning of a signal. In electrical engineering, signals are
basically time-varying quantities (usually voltage or current). So when we talk about the signal it means we are talking about a
voltage that’s changing over time.
 Signals are passed among devices in order to obtain or send information in the form of audio, video or encoded data. The
transmission takes place through wires or via air through radio frequency waves. For instance, audio signals are transferred
from the computer’s audio card to the speakers, while data signals between a tablet and a Wi-Fi router pass through the air.
 Analog Signals use attributes of the medium to convey the signal’s information. For example, an aneroid barometer makes use
of the angular position of a needle to convey the changes in atmospheric pressure. The signals take any value from a given
range and each signal value denotes different information. Each level of the signal signifies a different level of the
phenomenon and any change in the signal is meaningful.
 It’s quite easy to determine if a signal graph is analog or digital. The former one is smooth and continuous while the latter is
edge and appears in the form of stepping squares. Given below is an analog signal graph representing the change in voltage
with the change in time.
GRAPH

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ANALOG CIRCUITS 

 Analog circuits can be defined as a complex combination of op amps, resistors, caps, and other basic electronic
components. These circuits can be as simple as a combination of two resistors to make a voltage divider or
elegantly built with many components. Such circuits can attenuate, amplify, isolate, modify, distort the signal, or
even convert the original one into a digital signal.
 These circuits are difficult to design and need a lot of precision as compared to the digital circuits. The modern
circuits are rarely found to be completely analog as these days analog circuitry may use digital or microprocessor
techniques to improve performance. Such circuits are called mixed signals.
PREREQUISITE

• Engineering Physics (18PHY12/22)

• Basic Electrical Engineering (18ELE13/23)
• Basic Electronics (18ELN14/24)
• Engineering Physics Lab (18PHYL17/27)
• Electronic devices (18EC33)
• Power Electronics and Instrumentation(18EC36)
• Electronic devices lab(18ECL37)
COURSE OUTCOMES

 At the end of the course, the student will be able to;

• Understand the basic working of BJT and MOSFET as an amplifier, its biasing concepts and small signal
operation.
• Analyze the frequency response of the CS amplifier.
• Understand the basic concepts of oscillators, feedback amplifiers, power amplifiers and determine its performance
characteristics..
• Design and understand the functioning of linear ICs.
RELEVANCE

• Principles of Communication Systems (18EC53)

• Digital Communication(18EC61)
• Communication Laboratory (18ECL67)
• VLSI Design(18EC72)
MODULE-1

BJT Biasing: Biasing in BJT amplifier circuits: The Classical Discrete circuit bias (Voltage divider bias), Biasing using
a collector to base feedback resistor.
Small signal operation and Models: Collector current and transconductance, Base current and input resistance,
Emitter current and input resistance, voltage gain, Separating the signal and the DC quantities, The hybrid Π model.
MOSFETs: Biasing in MOS amplifier circuits: Fixing VGS, Fixing VG, Drain to Gate feedback resistor.
Small signal operation and modeling: The DC bias point, signal current in drain, voltage gain, small signal equivalent
circuit models, transconductance.
MODULE-2

 MOSFET Amplifier configuration: Basic configurations, characterizing amplifiers, CS amplifier with and
without source resistance RS, Source follower.
 MOSFET internal capacitances and High frequency model: The gate capacitive effect, Junction capacitances,
High frequency model.
 Frequency response of the CS amplifier: The three frequency bands, high frequency response, Low frequency
response.
 Oscillators: FET based Phase shift oscillator, LC and Crystal Oscillators (no derivation)
MODULE-3

 Feedback Amplifier: General feedback structure, Properties of negative feedback, The Four Basic Feedback
Topologies, The series-shunt, series-series, shunt-shunt and shunt-series amplifiers (Qualitative Analysis).
 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers: Introduction, Classification of output stages,, Class A output stage, Class
B output stage: Transfer Characteristics, Power Dissipation, Power Conversion efficiency, Class AB output stage,
Class C tuned Amplifier.
MODULE-4

 Op-Amp with Negative Feedback and general applications: Inverting and Non inverting Amplifiers – Closed
Loop voltage gain, Input impedance, Output impedance, Bandwidth with feedback. DC and AC Amplifiers,
Summing, Scaling and Averaging Amplifiers, Instrumentation amplifier, Comparators, Zero Crossing Detector,
Schmitt trigger
MODULE-5

 Op-Amp Circuits: DAC - Weighted resistor and R-2R ladder, ADC- Successive approximation type, Small Signal
half wave rectifier, Active Filters, First and second order low-pass and highpass Butterworth filters, Band-pass
filters, Band reject filters.
 555 Timer and its applications: Monostable and a stable Multivibrators.
TEXTBOOKS

 Text Books:

1. Microelectronic Circuits, Theory and Applications, Adel S Sedra, Kenneth C Smith, 6th Edition, Oxford,
2015.ISBN:978-0-19-808913-1
2. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Ramakant A Gayakwad, 4th Edition. Pearson Education, 2000. ISBN:
8120320581
 Reference Book:

1. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Robert L Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, 11th Edition, Pearson Education,
2013, ISBN: 978-93-325-4260-0.
2. Fundamentals of Microelectronics, BehzadRazavi, 2nd Edition, John Weily, 2015, ISBN 978-81- 265-7135-2
3. J.Millman&C.C.Halkias―Integrated Electronics, 2nd edition, 2010, TMH. ISBN 0-07-462245-5