Data base and system analysis

1- Data base

• Definition
• Evolution
• Difference between Database and spread sheet
• DBMS ( Database Management systems )
 1- Data base ( Definition )

• Organized collection of structured information, or data.

• Stored electronically in a computer system.
• usually controlled by a Database Management System (DBMS).
• the data and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them, are referred to as a
database system, often shortened to just database.
• the most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and columns in a
series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient.
 1- Data base ( Evolution )

• Flat Files ( 1960s – 1980s)

 stores information in a single file or table
 In a text file, every line contains one record where fields either have fixed length or they are
separated by commas, whitespaces, tabs or any other character
 there is no structural relationship among the records

• Hierarchical database (1970s – 1990s)

 contains data in a hierarchically-arranged data
 it can be visualized as a family tree where there is a parent and a child relationship.
 Each parent can have many children but one child can only have one parent
 1- Data base ( Evolution )

• Network database (1970s – 1990s)

 The inventor is Charles Bachmann
 allows multiple parent and child relationships
 relationship is referred to as a set
 Each set comprises of two types of records, an owner record which is same as parent type in
hierarchical and a member record which is similar to the child type record in hierarchical database
model.
 1- Data base ( Evolution )

• Relational database (1980s – present)

 the birth of this model was huge step ahead.
 It allows the entities to be related through a common attribute.
 in order to relate two tables (entities), they simply need to have a common attribute
 In the tables there are primary keys and alternative keys. Primary keys form a relation with the
alternative keys. This property makes this model extremely flexible.
 The accessing of data is also very efficient. The user only has to enter a query, and the application
provides the user with the asked information
 Relational databases are established using a computer language, Structured Query Language (SQL).
This language forms the basis of all the database applications available today, from Access to Oracle.

Implementation of Relational Database:

 Oracle
 Microsoft
 IBM
 My SQL
 SQLite
 1- Data base (Difference between Database and spread sheet)

• Databases and spreadsheets (such as Microsoft Excel) are both convenient ways to store information. The
primary differences between the two are:
 How the data is stored and manipulated
 Who can access the data
 How much data can be stored

Spreadsheets :
• were originally designed for one user, and their characteristics reflect that
• They’re great for a single user or small number of users
• don’t need to do a lot of incredibly complicated data manipulation

Databases :
• designed to hold much larger collections of organized information—massive amounts, sometimes.
• allow multiple users at the same time
• quickly and securely access and query the data using highly complex logic and language.
 1- Data base (Database Management System -DBMS)

• Database software is used to create, edit, and maintain database files and records, enabling easier file and
record creation, data entry, data editing, updating, and reporting.
• Database software is sometimes also referred to as a “database management system” (DBMS).
• DBMS typically has a graphical interface to help create and manage the data and, in some cases, users
can construct their own databases.
• A DBMS also facilitates oversight and control of databases, enabling a variety of administrative operations
such as performance monitoring, tuning, and backup and recovery
• Some examples of popular database software or DBMSs include:
 MySQL
 Microsoft Access
 Microsoft SQL Server
 FileMaker Pro
 Oracle Database
 DBASE.
 2- System Analysis

• Definition
• Evolution
• Difference between Database and spread sheet
• DBMS ( Database Management systems )
 2- System Analysis ( Definition )

• a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition of a system into
its components.
• conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify its objectives.
• It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the
system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose
• Analysis specifies what the system should do.
 2- System Analysis ( objectives )

• helps in discovering means to design systems where sub-system may have apparently conflicting objectives
• helps in achieving inter compatibility and unity of purpose of sub-systems
• offers a means to create understanding of the complex structures
• helps in placing each sub-system in its proper perspective and context, so that the system as a whole may
best achieve its objectives with minimum available resources
• helps in understanding and comparing functional impacts of sub-systems to the total system
 2- System Analysis ( Process Steps )

conducted to analyze a current business problem or opportunity and to assess the current
Needs Assessment internal and external environments of the organization for the purpose of understanding what
needs to occur in order to attain the desired future state.

Analysis Planning the work that is conducted in order to define the system analysis approach and plan
for the completion of the requirements-related activities necessary to meet the needs of the client.

Requirement the iterative nature of the work performed to plan, prepare, and conduct requirements
Elicitation and elicitation and to analyze and document the results of that work.
Analysis

Traceability and the comprehensive set of activities for approving requirements and managing changes to
Monitoring requirements throughout the Implementation of the system.

Solution Evaluation tasks that are performed to validate a system that is either implemented or ready to be implemented.
Focusing on both qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods
 2- System Analysis ( Requirement types )

Requirements are specified for the purpose of clarifying and communicating a business need or required Capability

1- Business Requirements : Describe the higher-level needs of the organization as a whole, such as business issues or
opportunities

2- Stakeholder Requirements : Describe the needs of a stakeholder or stakeholder group, where the term
stakeholder is the role of anyone with a material interest in the outcome of the system.

3- Solution Requirements: Describe the features, functions, and characteristics of a product, service, or result that will
meet the business and stakeholder requirements. Solution requirements are further grouped into functional and
nonfunctional requirements.

4- Functional Requirements: Describe the behaviors of the product

5- Nonfunctional Requirements : Describe the environmental conditions or qualities required for the product to be
effective

6- Transition Requirements: Describe temporary capabilities, such as data conversion and training requirements, and
operational changes needed to transition from the current state to the future state
 2- System Analysis ( Tools and techniques )

1- Grid Charts : Grid charts are a tabular method of representing relationship between two sets of factors. A grid chart
analysis is useful in eliminating unnecessary reports or unnecessary data items from reports. It can also be used for
identifying responsibilities of various managers for a particular sub-system. Grid chart can be very effectively used to trace
flow of various transactions and reports in the organization.

1- Flow Chart : A system flow chart is a diagram or pictorial representation of the logical flow of operations and information
in an organization. It depicts the relationship between input processing and output considering the entire system. A
standard set of symbols is generally used for construction of system flow charts.
 2- System Analysis ( Tools and techniques )

1- Decision Tree : Some decisions involve a series of steps. The outcome of first decision guides the second; the third
decision depends on the outcome of the second, and so on. In such type of situations of decision making uncertainty
surrounds each step, so we face uncertainty, piled on uncertainty

1- Decision Tables : Decision tables are graphical method of representing a sequence of logical decisions. It is prepared in a
tabular form. It lists all possible conditions and associated set of actions. A decision table consists of the four parts-
condition stub, condition entries, action stub and action entries.
 2- System Analysis ( other Tools and techniques )

• SWOT Analysis
• RACI Matrix
• Five Ways Technique
• Cause and Effect Diagram
• Fishbone Diagram
• Interrelationship Diagram
• Process Flows
• Capability table
• Affinity diagram
• Job analysis
• Analysis Work Plan
• Brain storming
• Document analysis
• Facilitated workshops
• Focus groups
• Interviews
• Observation
• Prototyping
• Questions and Surveys