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    On Power and Desalination

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    Dina Borhan
    This document outlines different desalination processes and their energy requirements. It discusses multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO). MSF has high energy consumption but produces very pure water. MED is more thermodynamically efficient than MSF. RO has the lowest energy requirements but produces less pure water. Overall energy consumption is lowest for RO at 5-7 kWh/m3, followed by MED at 4.5-12.5 kWh/m3, with MSF the highest at 12-24 kWh/m3. The document also presents several desalination plant examples and concludes by discussing challenges like environmental impacts and the

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    On Power and Desalination

    Uploaded by

    Dina Borhan
    151 views34 pages
    This document outlines different desalination processes and their energy requirements. It discusses multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO). MSF has high energy consumption but produces very pure water. MED is more thermodynamically efficient than MSF. RO has the lowest energy requirements but produces less pure water. Overall energy consumption is lowest for RO at 5-7 kWh/m3, followed by MED at 4.5-12.5 kWh/m3, with MSF the highest at 12-24 kWh/m3. The document also presents several desalination plant examples and concludes by discussing challenges like environmental impacts and the

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    This document outlines different desalination processes and their energy requirements. It discusses multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO). MSF has high energy consumption but produces very pure water. MED is more thermodynamically efficient than MSF. RO has the lowest energy requirements but produces less pure water. Overall energy consumption is lowest for RO at 5-7 kWh/m3, followed by MED at 4.5-12.5 kWh/m3, with MSF the highest at 12-24 kWh/m3. The document also presents several desalination plant examples and concludes by discussing challenges like environmental impacts and the

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    151 views34 pages

    On Power and Desalination

    Uploaded by

    Dina Borhan
    This document outlines different desalination processes and their energy requirements. It discusses multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO). MSF has high energy consumption but produces very pure water. MED is more thermodynamically efficient than MSF. RO has the lowest energy requirements but produces less pure water. Overall energy consumption is lowest for RO at 5-7 kWh/m3, followed by MED at 4.5-12.5 kWh/m3, with MSF the highest at 12-24 kWh/m3. The document also presents several desalination plant examples and concludes by discussing challenges like environmental impacts and the

    Copyright:

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    BY Dina A.

    Borhan

    Outline
    y Introduction about the water situation in the area. y Different desalination processes. y Energy requirements for desalination. y Plants presenting each technology. y Problems and Conclusion.

    Total renewable water resources per capita by country

    Water scarcity 1000 m3/capita

    Khayri el Jamal, Desalination and water treatment, 2009

    Projected per capita water availability in MENA

    Khayri el Jamal, Desalination and water treatment, 2009

    Desalination
    Salinity : NaCl, MgCl2, MgSO4, CaSO4,K2SO4,CaCO3, MgBr2, etc

    Desalination Plant

    Sea water

    Fresh water

    y Sea water salinity is more than 35,000 ppm TDS.

    y Brackish water

    2000 ppm TDS.

    y Drinking water should be less than 500 ppm TDS.

    Potential desalination capacity in MENA (1000 m3 /d)

    World Bank 2009

    Total capacity 2006= 20,200 2011= 36,648 2016= 54,242

    Different Processes

    Thermal desalination
    Multi-Stage Flash desalination and Multi-Effect Distillation have the same principle of decreasing the pressure so you decrease to corresponding evaporation temperature
    0.32 bar (Top of Everest) 70C

    Pressure Boiling point

    1bar 100C

    0.47 bar 80C

    0.25 bar 65C

    0.1 bar 45C

    Multi-Stage Flash (MSF)

    MSF
    y It was invented in 1950. y First MSF plant was build in 1957 in Kuwait.

    y MSF is matured and mostly used in the Middle East.

    Developments in the technology are:


        

    Design optimization of process and Individual equipment. In modern large MSF plants typically contain 19-28 stages. Unit size increased to16 MIGD. TBT increased from 90 to 120oC. Improved materials of construction and structural aspects . apital cost is US$ 5 to 6 per installed gallon/day.

    Desalinated water cost is US$ 0.8 to 1.5 per cubic meter.

    Multi-Effect Distillation (MED)

    MED
    y It is adopted from chemical industry to desalination in 1900.
    y First MED plant was built in 1930 in Saudi Arabia. y

    MED is thermodynamically efficient process compared to MSF.


    Developments in the technology are:  Unit size increased to 5 MGD.  typical large plant consists of 4 to 16 effects.  with a performance ration PR from 1 to 18.  Now TBT is maintained at 70oC to reduce scaling. apital cost is US$ 3.5 to 4.5 per installed gallon/day. Desalinated water cost is US$ 0.7 to 1.0 per m3 .

    apacity installed by SIDEM

    Why MED ?
    y Low corrosion rates. y Flexibility. y Thermodynamic efficient . y Minimal scaling rates. y High purity distillate. y Reliability.

    Gustavo Kronenberg et al., Low-temperature distillation processes in single and dual-purpose plants

    Membrane Desalination

    Reverse Osmosis (RO)

    Semi permeable membrane

    Reverses Osmosis (RO)

    Semi permeable membrane

    Reverses Osmosis (RO)

    Semi permeable membrane

    RO

    RO system

    RO
    For brackish water desalination the operation pressure: 250 to 400 psi. y For sea water desalination the operation pressure: 800 to 1000 psi.
    y The main operational concern is Fouling. y The processing system is simple; the only complicating factor is finding or

    producing a clean supply of feedwater to minimize the need for frequent cleaning of the membrane.

    y There is a risk of bacterial contamination of the membranes; while bacteria

    are retained in the brine stream, bacterial growth on the membrane itself can introduce tastes and odors into the product water.

    apital cost of SWRO plant is US$ 3.2 per installed gallon/day. Desalinated water cost is US$ 0.45 to 0.8 per m3 for SWRO.

    Energy requirements of the three main industrial desalination processes


    MSF
    Energy consumption (kWh/m3) electrical/mechanical Thermal in Electrical equivalent for thermal energy (kWh/m3) Total equivalent energy con0sumption (kWh/m3)

    MED 2-2.5 2.5-10 4.5-12.5

    RO 5-7 None 5-7

    4-6 8-18 12-24

    Source: International Atomic Energy Agency 1992.

    The SHUWEIHAT installation

    The Jebel Ali K2 installation

    Marafiq Jubail IWPP- KSA

    Source: Sidem

    Ashkelon Israel

    80 MW 330000 m3/day 72.5 MIGD <4 kWh/m3 <200 ppm TDS IDE technologies

    Problems and Conclusion


    Impacts of desalination to the environment The fuel problem MSF
    + Huge capacity per unit +low scale formation +Pure water less than 10 ppm -High energy consumption -Thermodynamic inefficient -Complex design

    MED
    +Thermodynamic efficient +low energy consumption +Advantage of the low temperature -limited unit size

    RO
    +Energy requirements are very low +No heating or phase change is needed -Pretreatment of water -Fouling -Contamination -Not very pure water

    Isn t it about time to introduce CSP/Desalination to the Middle East ?

    Thank you

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