Citations in Research

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• Why it is important in academic?

• How to cite when write.
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• MLA Citation
Fozia Farrukh
What is research?
Research is the careful and methodical search for information, the systematic examination of data, to
be able to answer a specific question. Research is a broader term of "information for a fact or topic"
and a narrower term from "reading and studying on a topic".
Stages of Research
1. Identify your topic: find a topic you understand and interests you or make sure you
understand the given topic. Make questions: what do you want to learn? For example, if you
are interested to learn about the smoking habits amongst students, ask the question "what
is the impact of smoking on the health of students?" Now, identify the main concepts or
keywords of your topic. (ex. students, smoking)
2. Make a timeline: mark in your calendar the submission deadline for your research project. Try
to calculate how much time you will need for every stage of your work and set tasks for every
day.
3. Think about the format of your project: Will it be in print or electronic format? Will it be a
text, oral presentation or audiovisual presentation? This is important because you will need
to collect relevant sources.
4. Find the definitions for the main concepts or keywords: use dictionaries and
encyclopedias.
5. Inspiration, independent thinking and mind-mapping: write down your topic in the centre
of a white paper. Use colours, images, words and symbols to record ideas, theories, more
keywords and anything else relevant to your topic.
6. Research in the Library: use the online catalogue to find books, the databases for journal
articles, and the print periodicals for magazine articles and news. Use web resources. Take
pictures, visit museums and exhibitions, take interviews from family members and friends.
Learn how to speed read.
7. Evaluate your sources: are they primary or secondary? Are they from valid organizations,
specialists on the topic, are they signed and dated?
8. Academic integrity: do not forget that you do not copy but process information you retrieve
and you always cite your sources no matter its format (text, im ages).
9. Works cited list: write down all your sources in your "works cited list" using the MLA
bibliographic style.
10. Write your paper: read it again and make corrections.
Ask for help: if during this process you have questions or encounter any difficulties, do not hesitate
to ask your teacher or the school librarian.
What is MLA?
MLA (Modern Language

Association) Style formatting is often
used in various humanities
disciplines.
In addition to the handbook, MLA

also offers The MLA Style Center, a
website that provides additional
instruction and resources for writing
and formatting academic papers.
https://style.mla.org/
What does MLA
regulate?
MLA regulates:
• document format
• in-text citations
• works-cited list
MLA Update 2016
The 9th edition handbook focuses on clarification,

guidance, and expansion on MLA 8’s introduction of core
elements for Works Cited through calcification and
expansion and meaning of the categories.
The three guiding principles:
1. Cite simple traits shared by most works.

2. Remember that there is more than one way to cite the
same source.
3. Make your documentation useful to readers.
Your Instructor Knows Best
Basic rule for any formatting style:
Always
Follow your instructor’s
guidelines
Format: General Guidelines
An MLA Style paper should:

• Be typed on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
• Double-space everything
• Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font
• Leave only one space after punctuation
• Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
Format: General
Guidelines (cont.)
An MLA Style paper should:

• Have a header with page numbers located in the upper
right-hand corner
• Use italics for titles of container works (e.g., books)
and quotation marks for sources within containers
(e.g., chapters within books)
• Place endnotes on a separate page before the list of
works cited
Formatting the 1st Page
The first page of an individually-written MLA Style paper will:

• Have no title page unless it is a group project
– For a group project, list all names of contributors in their own line, followed
by the remainder of the MLA 9 header described below
• Double space everything
• List your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date in the upper left-
hand corner
• Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining, italics, quote marks,
or bold typeface)
• Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top and one inch
from the right of the page (list your last name and page number here)
Sample 1st Page
Formatting Section Headings
Section Headings are generally optional:

• Headings in an essay should usually be numbered
• Headings should be consistent in grammar and formatting
but, otherwise, are up to you
OR
In-Text Citations: the Basics
An in-text citation is a brief reference in your text that

indicates the source you consulted.
• It should direct readers to the entry in your works-cited list for that
source.
• It should be unobtrusive: provide the citation information without
interrupting your own text.
• In general, the in-text citation will be the author’s last name (or
abbreviated title) with a page number, enclosed in parentheses.
Author-Page Style
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

Print Source with
Author
For the following print source

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature,
and Method. U of California P, 1966.
If the essay provides a signal word or phrase—usually the

author’s last name—the citation does not need to also include that
information.
With Unknown Author
How to cite a work with no known author:

We see so many global warming hotspots in North America
likely because this region has “more readily accessible
climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor
and study environmental change…” (“Impact of Global
Warming” 6).
With Unknown Author
When author and title are not enough:

If two or more works by the same author have the same title,
more information is needed to clearly references a specific
item on your works cited in square brackets after the title.
Example: The first illustrated version (Milton, Paradise Lost

[Tonson]) does not name the suspected four illustrators that
contributed.
Other In-Text Citations 1
Authors with Same Last Names

In-text example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research
outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
Work by Multiple Authors

In-text Examples:
Smith et al. argues that tougher gun control is not needed in the United
States (76).
The authors state: “Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second
Amendment rights” (Smith et al. 76).
A 2016 study suggests that stricter gun control in the United States will
significantly prevent accidental shootings (Strong and Ellis 23).
Multiple Works by the Same Author

In-text examples:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children
(“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure
to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a
child's second and third year (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be “too easy” (Elkins,
“Visual Studies” 63).
Citing Multivolume Works

In-text example:
… as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).
Citing the Bible

In-text example:
Ezekiel saw “what seemed to be four living creatures,” each with the faces of
a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1:5-10).
Citing Indirect Sources

In-text example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as “social service
centers, and they don't do that well” (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Multiple Citations
In-text example:
Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: “the world of
the everyday… and the world of romance.” Although the two lovers are part
of the world of romance, their language of love nevertheless becomes “fully
responsive to the tang of actuality” (Zender 138, 141).
Works in time-based media

In-text example:
Buffy’s promise that “there’s not going to be any incidents like at my old
school” is obviously not one on which she can follow through (“Hush”
00:03:16-17).
Works-cited entry:
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance
by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy,
1999.
Sources without page numbers

In-text example:
Disability activism should work toward “creating a habitable space for all
beings” (Garland-Thomson).
Corresponding works-cited entry:
Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie. “Habitable Worlds.” Critical Disability

Studies Symposium. Feb. 2016, Purdue University, Indiana.
Address.
Adding/Omitting
Words
Works Cited: The Basics
Each entry in the list of works

cited is made up of core elements
given in a specific order.
The core elements should be listed
in the order in which they appear
here. Each element is followed by
the punctuation mark shown here.
Works-cited List:
Author
Author – the primary creator of the work
Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the
rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.
Examples:
Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital

Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.

Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP,
2011.
Works-cited List:
Optional Elements
Annotated Bibliography
Annotations:
• Are succinct descriptions or evaluations of a source.
• Are at the end of an entry, with a one-inch indentation from where
the entry begins.
• Can be concise phrases or complete sentences, but not exceed a
single paragraph.
Spinoza, Benedict de. Ethnics Proved in Geometrical Order. Edited by

Matthew J. Kisner. Translated by Michael Silverhorne and Matthew
J. Kisner. Cambridge UP, 2018.
A comprehensive work that systemically lays out Spinoza’s
rationalist philosophy, explaining the nature of God, humanity’s
place in the universe, human psychology, our freedom, and the
best ethical life.
Where to Go to Get
More Help
Fozia Farrukh | MYP/DP/AHSD Librarian

Email: fozia.80183@tns.edu.pk
Library Blog: https://tnslibrary.wordpress.com/
Library Website: http://library.tns.edu.pk/
Library iPortal: http://ils.beaconhouse.net
Cell No: +923349982870

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Create Citations

• Why it is important in academic?

MLA (Modern Language

In addition to the handbook, MLA

The 9th edition handbook focuses on clarification,

The three guiding principles:

1. Cite simple traits shared by most works.

Basic rule for any formatting style:

An MLA Style paper should:

An MLA Style paper should:

The first page of an individually-written MLA Style paper will:

Section Headings are generally optional:

An in-text citation is a brief reference in your text that

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

For the following print source

If the essay provides a signal word or phrase—usually the

How to cite a work with no known author:

When author and title are not enough:

Example: The first illustrated version (Milton, Paradise Lost

Authors with Same Last Names

Work by Multiple Authors

Multiple Works by the Same Author

Citing Multivolume Works

Citing the Bible

Citing Indirect Sources

Works in time-based media

Sources without page numbers

Corresponding works-cited entry:

Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie. “Habitable Worlds.” Critical Disability

Each entry in the list of works

Author – the primary creator of the work

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital

Spinoza, Benedict de. Ethnics Proved in Geometrical Order. Edited by

Fozia Farrukh | MYP/DP/AHSD Librarian

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