9-1

Chapter 9

Hypothesis Testing
9-2

Outline

 9-1 Introduction
 9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing
 9-3 Large Sample Mean Test
 9-4 Small Sample Mean Test
 9-5 Proportion Test
9-3

Outline

 9-6 Variance or Standard

Deviation Test
 9-7 Confidence Intervals and
Hypothesis Testing
9-4

Objectives

 Understand the definitions used in

hypothesis testing.
 State the null and alternative hypotheses.
 Find critical values for the z test.
9-5

Objectives

 State the five steps used in hypothesis

testing.
 Test means for large samples using the z
test.
 Test means for small samples using the t
test.
9-6

Objectives

 Test proportions using the z test.

 Test variances or standard deviation using
the chi-square test.
 Test hypotheses using confidence
intervals.
9-7

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 A Statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about a

population parameter. This conjecture may or may
not be true.
 The null hypothesis,
hypothesis symbolized by H0, is a statistical
hypothesis that states that there is no difference
between a parameter and a specific value or that
there is no difference between two parameters.
9-8

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 The alternative hypothesis,

hypothesis symbolized by
H1, is a statistical hypothesis that states a
specific difference between a parameter
and a specific value or states that there is
a difference between two parameters.
9-9

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing -

Example

 A medical researcher is interested in finding out

whether a new medication will have any undesirable
side effects. The researcher is particularly
concerned with the pulse rate of the patients who
take the medication.
9-10

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing -

Example

 What are the hypotheses to test whether the pulse

rate will be different from the mean pulse rate of 82
beats per minute?
 H0: = 82 H1:  82
 This is a two-tailed test.
9-11

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing -

Example

 A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of

an automobile battery. If the mean lifetime of the
battery is 36 months, then his hypotheses are
 H0: 36 H1:  36
 This is a right-tailed test.
9-12

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing -

Example

 A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a

special type of insulation in houses. If the average of
the monthly heating bills is $78, her hypotheses
about heating costs will be
 H0:  $78 H0:  $78
 This is a left-tailed test.
9-13

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 A statistical test uses the data obtained

from a sample to make a decision about
whether or not the null hypothesis should
be rejected.
9-14

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 The numerical value obtained from a

statistical test is called the test value.
value
 In the hypothesis-testing situation, there
are four possible outcomes.
9-15

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 In reality, the null hypothesis may or may

not be true, and a decision is made to
reject or not to reject it on the basis of the
data obtained from a sample.
9-16

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

H0 True H0 False
Error
Error Correct
Correct
Reject Type
Type II decision
decision
H0
Correct
Correct Error
Error
Do not
decision
decision Type
Type II
II
reject
H0
9-17

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 A type I error occurs if one rejects the null

hypothesis when it is true.
 A type II error occurs if one does not reject
the null hypothesis when it is false.
9-18

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 The level of significance is the maximum

probability of committing a type I error. This
probability is symbolized by  (Greek letter
alpha). That is, P(type I error)=.
 P(type II error) =  (Greek letter beta).
9-19

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 Typical significance levels are: 0.10, 0.05,

and 0.01.
 For example, when  = 0.10, there is a
10% chance of rejecting a true null
hypothesis.
9-20

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 The critical value(s) separates the critical

region from the noncritical region.
 The symbol for critical value is C.V.
9-21

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 The critical or rejection region is the range

of values of the test value that indicates
that there is a significant difference and that
the null hypothesis should be rejected.
9-22

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 The noncritical or nonrejection region is the

range of values of the test value that
indicates that the difference was probably
due to chance and that the null hypothesis
should not be rejected.
9-23

9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 A one-tailed test (right or left) indicates that

the null hypothesis should be rejected when
the test value is in the critical region on one
side of the mean.
9-24

9-2 Finding the Critical Value for =

0.01 (Right-Tailed Test)

Critical
0.9900 region

Noncritical
region  = 0.01
0.4900

0 z = 2.33
9-25

9-2 Finding the Critical Value for =

0.01 (Left-Tailed Test)

 For a left-tailed test when  = 0.01,

the critical value will be –2.33 and the
critical region will be to the left of –2.33.
9-26

9-2 Finding the Critical Value for =

0.01 (Two-Tailed Test)

 In a two-tailed test, the null hypothesis

should be rejected when the test value is
in either of the two critical regions.
9-27

9-2 Finding the Critical Value for =

0.01 (Two-Tailed Test)

 = 0.005
Critical
Critical 0.9900 region
region
Noncritical
region  = 0.005

z = –2.58 0 z = 2.58
9-28

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test

 The z test is a statistical test for the

mean of a population. It can be used
when n  30, or when the population is
normally distributed and  is known.
 The formula for the z test is given on
the next slide.
9-29

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test

X 
z
 n
where
X  sample mean
  hypothesized population mean
  population deviation
n  sample size
9-30

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 A researcher reports that the average salary of

assistant professors is more than $42,000. A
sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean
salary of $43,260. At  = 0.05, test the claim that
assistant professors earn more than $42,000 a
year. The standard deviation of the population is
$5230.
9-31

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the

claim.
 H0: $42,000 H1:  $42,000 (claim)
 Step 2: Find the critical value. Since  = 0.05
and the test is a right-tailed test, the critical value
is z = +1.65.
 Step 3: Compute the test value.
9-32

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 3: z = [43,260 – 42,000]/[5230/30] = 1.32.

 Step 4: Make the decision. Since the test value,
+1.32, is less than the critical value, +1.65, and not
in the critical region, the decision is “Do not reject
the null hypothesis.”
9-33

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 5: Summarize the results. There is not

enough evidence to support the claim that
assistant professors earn more on average than
$42,000 a year.
 See the next slide for the figure.
9-34

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

1.65
Reject
 = 0.05

1.32
9-35

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 A national magazine claims that the average

college student watches less television than the
general public. The national average is 29.4 hours
per week, with a standard deviation of 2 hours. A
sample of 30 college students has a mean of 27
hours. Is there enough evidence to support the
claim at
 = 0.01?
9-36

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the

claim.
 H0: 29.4 H1:  29.4 (claim)
 Step 2: Find the critical value. Since  = 0.01
and the test is a left-tailed test, the critical value is
z = –2.33.
 Step 3: Compute the test value.
9-37

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 3: z = [27– 29.4]/[2/30] = – 6.57.

 Step 4: Make the decision. Since the test value, –
6.57, falls in the critical region, the decision is to
reject the null hypothesis.
9-38

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 5: Summarize the results. There is enough

evidence to support the claim that college students
watch less television than the general public.
 See the next slide for the figure.
9-39

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

-6.57
Reject

-2.33
9-40

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation

reports that the average cost of rehabilitation for
stroke victims is $24,672. To see if the average
cost of rehabilitation is different at a large hospital,
a researcher selected a random sample of 35
stroke victims and found that the average cost of
their rehabilitation is $25,226.
9-41

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 The standard deviation of the population is $3,251.

At  = 0.01, can it be concluded that the average
cost at a large hospital is different from $24,672?
 Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the
claim.
 H0: $24,672 H1:  $24,672 (claim)
9-42

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 2: Find the critical values. Since  = 0.01

and the test is a two-tailed test, the critical values
are z = –2.58 and +2.58.
 Step 3: Compute the test value.
 Step 3: z = [25,226 – 24,672]/[3,251/35] = 1.01.
9-43

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 4: Make the decision. Do not reject the null

hypothesis, since the test value falls in the
noncritical region.
 Step 5: Summarize the results. There is not
enough evidence to support the claim that the
average cost of rehabilitation at the large hospital
is different from $24,672.
9-44

9-3 Large Sample Mean Test -

Example



Reject Reject

-2.58 2.58
9-45

9-3 P-Values

 Besides listing an  value, many computer

statistical packages give a P-value for hypothesis
tests. The P-value is the actual probability of
getting the sample mean value or a more extreme
sample mean value in the direction of the
alternative hypothesis (> or <) if the null hypothesis
is true.
9-46

9-3 P-Values

 The P-value is the actual area under the standard

normal distribution curve (or other curve, depending
on what statistical test is being used)
representing the probability of a particular sample
mean or a more extreme sample mean occurring if
the null hypothesis is true.
9-47

9-3 P-Values - Example

 A researcher wishes to test the claim that the

average age of lifeguards in Ocean City is greater
than 24 years. She selects a sample of 36 guards
and finds the mean of the sample to be 24.7 years,
with a standard deviation of 2 years. Is there
evidence to support the claim at  = 0.05? Find the
P-value.
9-48

9-3 P-Values - Example

 Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the

claim.
 H0: 24 H1:  24 (claim)
 Step 2: Compute the test value.

24.7  24
z  2.10
2 36
9-49

9-3 P-Values - Example

 Step 3: Using Table E in Appendix C, find the

corresponding area under the normal distribution
for z = 2.10. It is 0.4821
 Step 4: Subtract this value for the area from
0.5000 to find the area in the right tail.
0.5000 – 0.4821 = 0.0179
Hence the P-value is 0.0179.
9-50

9-3 P-Values - Example

 Step 5: Make the decision. Since the

P-value is less than 0.05, the decision is to reject
the null hypothesis.
 Step 6: Summarize the results. There is enough
evidence to support the claim that the average age
of lifeguards in Ocean City is greater than 24
years.
9-51

9-3 P-Values - Example

 A researcher claims that the average wind speed in

a certain city is 8 miles per hour. A sample of 32
days has an average wind speed of 8.2 miles per
hour. The standard deviation of the sample is 0.6
mile per hour. At  = 0.05, is there enough evidence
to reject the claim? Use the P-value method.
9-52

9-3 P-Values - Example

 Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the

claim.
 H0: 8 (claim) H1:  8
 Step 2: Compute the test value.

8.2  8
z  1.89
0.6 32
9-53

9-3 P-Values - Example

 Step 3: Using table E, find the corresponding area

for z = 1.89. It is 0.4706.
 Step 4: Subtract the value from 0.5000.
0.5000 – 0.4706 = 0.0294
9-54

9-3 P-Values - Example

 Step 5: Make the decision: Since this test is two-tailed,

the value 0.0294 must be doubled; 2(0.0294) = 0.0588.
Hence, the decision is not to reject the null hypothesis,
since the P-value is greater than 0.05.
 Step 6: Summarize the results. There is not enough
evidence to reject the claim that the average wind
speed is 8 miles per hour.
9-55

9-4 Small Sample Mean Test

 When the population standard deviation is unknown

and n < 30, the z test is inappropriate for testing
hypotheses involving means.
 The t test is used in this case.
 Properties for the t distribution are given in Chapter
8.
9-56

9-4 Small Sample Mean Test -

Formula for t test

X 
t
s n
where
X  sample mean
  hypothesized population mean
s  sample standard deviation
n  sample size
degrees of freedom  n  1
9-57

9-4 Small Sample Mean Test -

Example

 A job placement director claims that the average

starting salary for nurses is $24,000. A sample of
10 nurses has a mean of $23,450 and a standard
deviation of $400. Is there enough evidence to
reject the director’s claim at  = 0.05?
9-58

9-4 Small Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the

claim.
 H0: $24,000 (claim) H1:  $24,000
 Step 2: Find the critical value. Since  = 0.05
and the test is a two-tailed test, the critical values
are t = –2.262 and +2.262 with d.f. = 9.
9-59

9-4 Small Sample Mean Test -

Example

 Step 3: Compute the test value. t=

[23,450 – 24,000]/[400/] = – 4.35.
 Step 4: Reject the null hypothesis, since – 4.35 < –
2.262.
 Step 5: There is enough evidence to reject the
claim that the starting salary of nurses is $24,000.
9-60

9-3 Small Sample Mean Test -

Example



–2.262 2.262
9-61

9-5 Proportion Test

 Since the normal distribution can be used to

approximate the binomial distribution when np 5
and nq 5, the standard normal distribution can be
used to test hypotheses for proportions.
 The formula for the z test for proportions is given on
the next slide.
9-62

9-5 Formula for the z Test for

Proportions

X  X  np
z or z 
 npq
where
  np
  npq
9-63

9-5 Proportion Test - Example

 An educator estimates that the dropout rate for

seniors at high schools in Ohio is 15%. Last year,
38 seniors from a random sample of 200 Ohio
seniors withdrew. At  = 0.05, is there enough
evidence to reject the educator’s claim?
9-64

9-5 Proportion Test - Example

 Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

 H0: p0.15 (claim) H1: p 0.15
 Step 2: Find the mean and standard deviation.  = np
= (200)(0.15) = 30 and
 =(200)(0.15)(0.85) = 5.05.
 Step 3: Find the critical values. Since
 = 0.05 and the test is two-tailed the critical values are
z = 1.96.
9-65

9-5 Proportion Test - Example

 Step 4: Compute the test value. z = [38 –

30]/[5.05] = 1.58.
 Step 5: Do not reject the null hypothesis, since the
test value falls outside the critical region.
9-66

9-5 Proportion Test - Example

 Step 6: Summarize the results. There is not

enough evidence to reject the claim that the
dropout rate for seniors in high schools in Ohio is
15%.
 Note: For one-tailed test for proportions, follow
procedures for the large sample mean test.
9-67

9-5 Proportion Test - Example



-1.96 1.96
9-68

9-6 Variance or Standard Deviation Test -

Formula

(n  1) s
2

  2
with d . f .= n –1
 2

where
n  sample size
  population variance
2

s = sample variance
2
9-69

9-6 Assumptions for the Chi-Square Test

for a Single Variance

 The sample must be randomly selected from

the population.
 The population must be normally distributed
for the variable under study.
 The observations must be independent of
each other.
9-70

9-6 Variance Test - Example

 An instructor wishes to see whether the variation

in scores of the 23 students in her class is less
than the variance of the population. The variance
of the class is 198. Is there enough evidence to
support the claim that the variation of the students
is less than the population variance (2 = 225) at
 = 0.05?
9-71

9-6 Variance Test - Example

 Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the

claim.
 H0: 225 H1:  225 (claim)
 Step 2: Find the critical value. Since this test is
left-tailed and  = 0.05, use the value 1 – 0.05 =
0.95.
The d.f. = 23 – 1 = 22. Hence, the critical value is
12.338.
9-72

9-6 Variance Test - Example

 Step 3: Compute the test value.  = (23 –

1)(198)/225 = 19.36.
 Step 4: Make a decision. Do not reject the null
hypothesis, since the test value falls outside the
the critical region.
9-73

9-6 Variance Test - Example



 
9-74

9-6 Variance Test

 Note: When the test is two-tailed, you will need to

find 2(left) and 2(right) and check whether the
test value is less than 2(left) or whether it is
greater than 2(right) in order to reject the null
hypothesis.
9-75

9-7 Confidence Intervals and

Hypothesis Testing - Example

 Sugar is packed in 5-pound bags. An inspector

suspects the bags may not contain 5 pounds. A
sample of 50 bags produces a mean of 4.6 pounds
and a standard deviation of 0.7 pound. Is there
enough evidence to conclude that the bags do not
contain 5 pounds as stated, at  = 0.05? Also, find
the 95% confidence interval of the true mean.
9-76

9-7 Confidence Intervals and

Hypothesis Testing - Example

 H0: 5 H1:  5 (claim)

 The critical values are +1.96 and – 1.96
 The test value is 4 . 6 5.00
z  4.04
 0. 7hypothesis
Since – 4.04 < –1.96, the null 50 is rejected.
 There is enough evidence to support the claim that
the bags do not weigh 5 pounds.
9-77

9-7 Confidence Intervals and

Hypothesis Testing - Example

 The 95% confidence interval for the mean is given by

s s
X z  X z 
2 n 2 n
 0 .7   0 .7 

4.6  (1.96 )
Notice that the95%     4.6interval
confidence
 (1.96of
) doesnot contain the
 50   50 
hypothesized value  = 5. Hence, there is agreement between
4 .406    4 .794
the hypothesis test and the confidence interval.