Artapp Sculpture

SCULPTURE
Sculpture
Sculpture refers to the creation of three-
dimensional figures, forms or designs from
a single block mass of materials.
Scupture is defined as the act, process, or
art of carving, engraving, cutting, hewling,
molding and welding of constructing
materials into statues, ornaments or figures.
Types of Sculpture
A. Sculpture in the relief is carving or
modling which projects from the background
plane. It is usually attached to the wall or
material from which it sculptured.
A bas relief or low relief is sculpture
which projects very little from the
background, example: the designs on coins.
B. Sculpture in the
round is free
standing sculpture
that can be seen
from all sides.
Sculptural in the Round
1. Subtractive- The process of cutting away
from a block of wood or stone and gradually
revealing the desired shape.
2. Additive- The method of clay modeler
who adds lumps of clay to a core and works
out the desired shape.
Mediums in Sculpture
 Stone and metal are the two commonly used
mediums in sculpture.
 Marble because of its high polish and
translucence is the most beautiful.
 Limestone is used, however, its softness does not
make it well polished.
 In anciet times, bronze was the commonly used
metal.
 In modern times, forged iron, steel, aluminum and
glass have replaced bronze.
Characteristics of the Materials
1. Stone-hard and durable, weather and fire
resistant but is heavy and breakable.
a. basalt and diorite (black and hard)
b. marble (finely-grained, with
crystalline sparkle)
c. granite (tough, coarse-grained but
suitable for bold effects)
d. limestone (softer)
2. Wood-lighter, softer and cheaper and easy
to cut, but with the vanishing forests, it is now
not readily available.
3. Terra Cotta-which means baked earth made
by firing clay, as in pottery making
4. Bronze-is solid and too expensive. The
intricate and difficult porcess of casting bronze
is one disadvantage in using the medium.
Sculptural Concerns
1. Pictorial Sculpture-the artist, like painter
is more concerned with details than anything
else.
2. Sculpturesque Sculpture-the artist is more
concerned with the medium/materials used,
its strength and solidity, its surface quality
and its tactile value.
3. Built-up Sculpture-the artist is not
only much concerned with the
medium/materials used but also with the
details.
History of Sculpture
 Egyptian Sculpture
Portrait statues during
the Old Kingdom in
Egypt depicted
individuals at their
best; deformities and
old age were seldom
represented.
Greek Sculpture
 Archaic Period (625-480 B.C.)
 Subjects were mythological characters before it
became secular
 Statues were offerings to the gods and
godesses and as added ornamental figures to
tombs.
 Sculpture in the round was developed and this
exemplified by the standing nude male and
draped female figures.
Classical Period
 Polyclitus worked out the ideal proportions
for the various parts of the human body. Not
much emotion was shown in his works
because his emphasis was on the form of the
body.
 Aside from Polyclitus, Myron, Phidias and
Praxiteles were among the great sculptors
during the classical period.
Hellenistic Period
 by exploring the effects of movements

and deeply felt emotions, facial serenity
disappeared. Both male and female statues
were shown with very little or no clothing
at all.
Roman Sculpture
 Roman sculptures were regarded as more
realistic, since human sculptures would
represent the subject as they were in real
life and with their individual imperfections
shown.
 Most of the Roman works were in burst
form and represented famous men and
women.
Renaissance, Baroque and
Rococo Sculpture
Donatello (1386-1466), a Florentine
who was regarded as the best among
the early Rennaisance sculptors.
Michelangelo (1475-1564) Not only
painter and an architect of the High
Rennaisance period, but he was
primarily a sculptor.
Bernini Lorenzo (1598-1680)
As an sculptor and architect, he did the
facade of St. Peter's Cathedral and
decorated the fountains of Rome with
his sculptures. As a Baroque artist, his
famous works were: The Ecstacy of St.
Teresa, Death of Ludovica Albertoni
and Louis XIV.
Jean Pigalle, Falconet, Clodion and Jean
Houdon were the finest sculptors.
Pigalle: Comte de Sax
Falconet: Bathing Girl, Venus with the
Doves and Peter The Great.
Clodion: Nymph and Satyr
Houdon: Diana, Voltaire and George
Washington.
Modern Sculptors
 Auguste Rodin: Thinker,His Hand of God and
The Kiss
 Willhelm Lahmbruck: Standing Woman and
Kneeling Woman
 Pristide Maillol: Bird Space, The Kiss and
Sculpture of the Blind
 William Zorach: Child with Cat, Mother and
Child and Head of Christ
 Alexander Calder “mobile sculpture:” Sumac
Philippine Sculpture
 The sculpture of statues or figurines of
stone, wood, and gold represented spirits or
anitos.
The Tagalogs called these images likha, tao
and larawan.
The handles of daggers and other weapons
were usually ornately carved.
Clay potteries and jars were fancifully
designed.
 Among the Muslims, the sarimanok, a
legendary bird with fish on its claws in a
style perched on the tip of a pyramidal roof
is a symbol that nobility lives there.
Spanish Period
 Because of colonization, for obvious and
practical reasons, forced native carvers to
produce religious objects like images of saints,
crosses and crucifixes.
 During 18th century, native sculptors started to
depict full realism. Fine specimens are: the bas
relief “Estaciones” in the church of Tanay, and
the wooden statue of St. Michael Slaying the
Dragon in the Chapel of San Miguel, Pasig.
 The flowering of sculpture during the
Spanish era came during the 19th century.
 An academy of sculpture and painting was
opened.
 Baroque sculpture was also introduced in
the provinces- Pampaga, the Ilocos
provinces, Laguna and in some parts of
the Visayas.
 Paete in Laguna became the center of realistic
sculpture during the second half of the 19th
century.
 Romualdo de Jesus, taught Rizal wood-carving
became one of th emost prominent sculptors of
the later decades of the 19th century.
 Isabelo Tampingco decorated the church of
San Ignacio in Intramuros and the Renaissance
ornaments of the Social Hall of Malacanang.
American Period
 The building of the monuments for Filipino
heroes had contributed greatly to the
development of sculpture during the first decade
of American occupation.
 Monuments for Rizal, Bonifacio, and Mabini)
were erected in town plazas all over the country.
 The of Rizal standing in Luneta, with book and
top coat became the common model of most
Rizal monuments in the Philippines.
Guillermo Tolentino
 He developed his sculptural concept that
“distortion should have no place in sculpture.”
He became the most outstanding sculptor
during this period.
In 1913, he won first prize for the design of
the new Bonifacio monument in Caloocan.
Other works of Tolentino are the portrait
sculpture of Gregorio Aglipay; the bust of
Antonio Luna carved in hard wood; and the
“Oblation” at UP.
Graciano Nepomuceno
He is regarded as the most outstanding
wood carver during his time. His nationalist-
inspired wood carvings are Filosofo Tasio,
Maria Clara, Crisostomo Ibarra and Sisa.
Modern Period
Napoleon Abueva
In contrast with his mentor, Guillermo
Tolentino, he advocated the sculpture of
distortions.
He was the first to use medium
imaginatively. From naturalisti and stylized
aniimal and figure sculpture, he
experimented on organic forms in wood and
bamboo and bold but abstract geometric
figures in metal.
 His works include Kaganapan; the
bamboo pieces: The Machine, Childbirth
and Non-Conformist.
 His stainless metal structures ae Homage
to the New Filipino and Ring of Gods.
 He also created the Water Buffalo in
bronze.

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SCULPTURE

 by exploring the effects of movements

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