SOLAR

ENERGY
Our Team
R.No. Name
104 Suyash Krishna
105 Sonakshi Singh
106 Satyam
107 Akash Saurav
108 Shailendra Yadav
109 Harshita Akanksha
110 Neha Kumari
111 Abhijeet Sinha
112 Ritesh Kumar Yadav
113 Mehul
 Introduction
Photovoltaic Cells

TIMELINE
Methods of Harvesting Sunlight
How much does it cost?
Advantages
Advantages of solar energy over other forms
How Solar Power works
Researches
Government Initiatives
Disadvantages
How to overcome the limitations
Benefits of solar energy in Bihar
Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

Solar energy, radiation from
the Sun capable of producing heat,
causing chemical reactions, or
generating electricity.
 Photovoltaic Cells
A photovoltaic cell is made up of semiconductor
materials that absorb the photons emitted by
sun and generate a flow of electrons and the
phenomenon is known as photo voltaic effect .

Photo voltaic effect:

 The photovoltaic effect is the generation of voltage and electric current in a material upon exposure to light.
 When the semiconductor is exposed to light, it absorbs the light’s energy and transfers it to negatively
charged particles in the material called electrons. This extra energy allows the electrons to flow through the
material as an electrical current. This current is extracted through conductive metal contacts – the grid-like
lines on a solar cells – and can then be used to power your home and the rest of the electric grid.
 An important property of PV semiconductors is the bandgap, which indicates what wavelengths of light the
material can absorb and convert to electrical energy. If the semiconductor’s bandgap matches the
wavelengths of light shining on the PV cell, then that cell can efficiently make use of all the available energy.
 TYPES of P.V. Cell
Monocrystalline
PV Cell
Polycrystalline
PV Cell

Thin film PV Cell

 COMPARISON
Monocrystalline PV cells Polycrystalline PV cells Thin film PV cells

 The first commercially available  Thin film PV cell is amorphous

 Instead of a single uniform crystal
solar cells were made from silicon (a-Si) which is produced
structure, polycrystalline(or
monocrystalline silicon, which is by depositing thin layers of
multicrystalline) cells contain
an extremely pure form of silicon on to a glass substrate.
many small grains of crystals .
silicon. The result is a very thin and
 Monocrystalline silicon cells are flexible cell which uses less than
 These are cheaper but less
highly efficient . 1% of the silicon needed for a
 Their manufacturing process is efficient.
crystalline cell.
slow and labour intensive,  Amorphous silicon cells are
making them more expensive much cheaper to produce.
than their polycrystalline or thin  Their efficiency, however, is
film counterparts. greatly reduced because the
silicon atoms are much less
ordered.
Solar Parks under Photovoltaic schemes :
 1.) Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Limited (RUMSL) was formed in 2015 and is a
Joint Venture Company of Madhya Pradesh UrjaVikas Nigam Limited
(MPUVN), and Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI).
 RUMSL has been designated as Solar Power Park Developer (SPPD) by
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to develop large-scale
solar parks in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
 RUMSL has developed 750 MW Rewa Solar Project and 250 MW
Mandsaur Solar Park.
 It has since been supplying affordable and clean electricity to Madhya
Pradesh Power Management Company (MPPMCL), the state-owned
discom, and Delhi Metro Corporation Limited (DMRC).
 Rewa also received World Bank Group’s President’s Award for innovation
and excellence and was included in the Prime Minister’s “A Book of
Innovation: New Beginnings. And the project is appreciated globally.
 RUMSL is now developing 1500 MW Solar Parks in Agar, Shajapur, and
Neemuch districts in the Northwest region of Madhya Pradesh.
 The other upcoming projects of RUMSL are 600 MW Omkareshwar
Floating Solar Park, 1500 MW Chattarpur Solar Park and 1400 MW
Morena Solar Park.
METHODS Photovoltaic Solar Panels
OF
Thermal Energy Harvesting
HARVESTIN
G Solar Water Heaters
SUNLIGHT
Molten Salt Solar Power
THERMAL ENERGY HARVESTING:
The sun produces a wide spectrum of radiation of various
wavelengths, including infrared. In turn, this spectrum efficiently
transfers thermal energy to physiques that can absorb it. The elements
that can absorb this thermal electromagnetic energy are known as
black. Therefore, an ideal black body can absorb and emit all
wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. On a
residential scale, thermal energy is often used in water heating
systems. However, electromagnetic radiation energy is less suitable for
the generation of power on an industrial scale.

SOLAR WATER HEATER

The solar water heater is commonly implemented in sunny climates all over the world. The
heater system uses a pump to circulate cold water through a black body panel. Moreover,
visually, it resembles a PV solar panel. In this case, the black surface absorbs the thermal
energy and then cooled by the circulated water and, as a result, heating the water. Therefore the
water is continually circulated through the loop to create warm water throughout the solar
system. Besides, these systems require storage tanks to be above the solar absorption source.
MOLTEN SALT SOLAR POWER

Molten salt power plants utilize electromagnetic radiation to melt salt.  This
molten salt then gets transferred to a heat exchanger, which heats water into
steam that is then driven through a steam turbine to generate electricity.
Molten salt power plants, such as the Ivanpah Solar Plant, rely on an
extensive network of heliostat mirrors to redirect sunlight to a single point,
most often referred to as a power tower or central tower. This tower collects
the energy from all surrounding heliostats, which is enough power to melt the
salt at nearly 1500°F.  This molten salt is then stored in insulated tanks,
allowing for the energy to be used even when the sun is no longer shining. 
SOLAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Solar Energy System consists of 4 main components that

decide the working of a solar energy system:
•Solar Panel
•Solar Inverter
•Solar Battery
•Panel Stand
•Solar Panel Installation Accessories
Types of Solar Panel System and the Associated
Costs
 Monocrystalline Solar Panels
On average, monocrystalline solar panels (the most energy-efficient option) cost Rs. 43 to Rs. 63 per watt,
meaning that outfitting a 3kW solar panel system (also known as a solar system) costs between Rs.
2,00,000 to Rs. 3,00,000 for grid connected solar system and Rs. 2,50,000 to 3,50,000 for standalone solar
system.

 Bifacial Solar Panels

On average, bifacial solar panels (the most energy-efficient option) cost  Rs. 37 to Rs. 52 per watt, meaning that
outfitting a 3kW solar panel system with Bifacial solar panel (also known as a solar system) costs
between Rs. 2,00,000 and Rs. 2,10,000.

 Polycrystalline Solar Panels

Less energy-efficient than monocrystalline solar panels, polycrystalline solar panels cost Rs. 30 to
Rs. 36 per watt, so outfitting a 5kW solar panel system would cost between Rs. 2,90,000 and
Rs. 3,00,000 making it a more affordable option.
ADVANTAGES of Solar Energy
o Renewable energy
o Clean/pure/green energy
o Pollution free
o Cause no greenhouse effects
o Environment friendly
o Reduce the demand of fossil fuels
o Low operating costs
o Not require too much maintenance
o Available worldwide
o Used in domestic purpose
o Favourable for isolated/remote sites
o To generate electricity by solar cells or heat engines
 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY OVER
OTHER FORM OF ENERGIES
Renewable Energies Non-Renewable Energies
• Wind Energy • Coal & Petroleum
• Tidal Energy • Natural Gas
• Geothermal Energy • Nuclear Energy
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
1. All these forms of Energy are not available to use 1. Produces Pollutants & Harmful Radiations
everywhere 2. Major contributor of the Green House Effect and
2. Hazardous to Local Biodiversity Global Warming
3. Efficiency of Renewable Technologies is Low 3. Causes Breathing Problems for Living Creatures
4. Causes Destruction in the Natural Disaster and contributes to Acid Rain
4. Radioactive Waste generated causes dangerous
Health Hazard

 Solar Energy is free from all the above written disadvantages.

 COMPULSION USE OF SOLAR ENERGY
IN TODAY’S ERA
• Uses of Solar Panels in outskirts areas like villages and terrain
where there is no supply of electricity

• All the satellites and rovers relies on Solar Energy, as using other form of
energy becomes very costly

• Unlike other renewable energy sources, its maintenance cost is

comparatively low.

• The amount of solar energy coming to the earth in one hour

• (i.e 173000 TWh) is even more than the amount of energy used by human.
 How Solar Power Works
The sun bathes the earth Solar Panels capture
with energy in one hour the sunlight and create
to satisfy the entire Direct Current (DC)
world’s energy needs for electricity.
a year!

The AC power is directed A Solar Inverter takes the

from the inverter into DC electricity and
the building’s electric converts it to Alternating
panel. The utility tracks Current (AC), which can
the net energy produced be used to power a
with the utility electric building.
meter.
 RESEARCH
 A new panel made with a material called
perovskite has set an efficiency record for its
class.

 Installing more solar panels is one way to put

more of the sun’s energy on the grid. Another is
to increase the amount of power each panel can
generate.
 The challenge for scientists is to develop solar cells that convert more of the sun’s rays to
electricity, without making the technology too expensive.

 Last year, Eike Köhnen of the Hemholtz Center for Materials and Energy in Berlin and other
researchers developed a prototype that set a new efficiency record for its class.
 It stacks two cells on top of each other. One is made from
silicon, which is commonly used in solar cells and is
good at capturing infrared light.

 The second is made of a low-cost material called

perovskite, which captures visible light.

 “And as these two parts can be converted more

efficiently into electrical energy than by just one
absorbing material, we can get higher efficiencies with
these solar cells,” Köhnen says.

 That means that they can generate more electricity from

the same amount of sunshine – and help get more clean
energy on the grid.
Government Initiatives
 Recent Government initiative
Delhi airport becomes India’s first to run
entirely on hydro and solar energy.
NTPC-GE Power to build balance of systems
for 325-MW solar projects in Madhya
Pradesh.
PYSE builds India’s first fractionally-owned
solar power plant in Karnataka.
Transparent solar panels on greenhouses can
help farmers reduce their carbon footprint.
DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
 Lack of consistency and Reliability-
The following factors limit the availability of sunlight:
 latitude- Although solar power is an option almost anywhere on the planet in at least some capacity, efficacy falls sharply as
distance from the equator increases.
 clouds- Clouds diminish the power of solar panels, especially in habitually foggy or overcast regions. According to the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “The solar resource during foggy or low-cloud conditions is approximately 10% of the
value under clearsky conditions.“
 night- The Earth itself is a rather large obstruction, and it acts nightly to disturb the flow of photons to helplessly immobile
solar arrays.

 Size-
To power an entire building, a large solar array is required. It’s unfortunate that photovoltaic technology is still in its infancy but,
for now, we must build large arrays to compensate for the inefficiencies of single panels. A bulky mechanical orientation system
may also be required to turn the panels as they follow the sun across the sky.

Panel Deterioration-
Like anything else left out in the sun, solar panels gradually become damaged by ultraviolet radiation. Rain, snow, dirt,
temperature fluctuations, hail and wind also pose serious hazards.
 cost-
The number of solar array panels needed to capture energy for an entire home typically costs large amount of money, making
the electricity they produce cost substantially more than that provided by conventional power sources.

 environmental pollutant-
A few of the more notorious substances contained in panels and associated equipment include:
(1) cadmium- When sealed inside solar panels, cadmium is harmless. If leaked from the panel, cadmium can inflict serious
environmental damage
(2) lead- Batteries, specifically deep-cycle, lead-acid batteries, are required by solar arrays to ensure a constant supply of
electricity. They contain lead and sulphuric acid, which are both highly toxic, especially to marine creatures.

 roof considerations-
Solar arrays are often installed on building roofs to make use of the large, empty, sunny space. As a consequence, repairs to the
underlying roof become quite tricky and often require disassembly of the solar installation before even routine roof
maintenance can be performed.

 Appearance-
Like it or not, solar arrays speak loudly, and neighbours will take notice of the systems. Many homeowners are understandably
reluctant to install a large solar array on an otherwise attractive tile roof.

In summary, residential solar power has some aesthetic, economic and technical drawbacks, but many of them can be
overcome by planning and responsible maintenance
 How to overcome the limitations of Solar
Energy?
1. Storing solar energy is a problem:-

Solar energy is directly absorbed through solar panels and stored as electrical
energy.
But not all sunlight that reaches solar panel are converted into electrical energy
because some of the energies are lost when the solar panels reach its maximum
efficiency.
However, scientists are trying to figure out a way to artificially store this energy like
plant’s mechanism of photosynthesis.
If they can come out with an artificial way of photosynthesis, there is a huge chance
that we can store unlimited amount of solar power an use it abundantly.
2. Solar Panels are not Cost Effective:-
 It has been found that the solar panels that are used to convert solar power
into electrical power are quite costly.
 But, conventional sources of energy are thoroughly cost effective, solar
panels are one time investment. Only installation charges are high and need a
little maintenance but efficiency and output are maximum and totally worth
the money.
 By integrating solar technology into building elements such as exterior walls,
windows, balcony railings and the like, it is possible to eliminate much of the
additional investment in solar and sustainable technology that is normally
required.
 Mitrex offers a revenue-sharing purchase option that reduces the upfront
costs of solar and shares the revenue generated from the renewable energy
made from the building facade.
3.Weather-Dependent
Solar panels require sunlight to generate electricity, so they do not produce
electricity during the dark hours. But solar power works at night by using
backup batteries or solar storage solution.
Home solar panel systems are a good investment in net metering. When
solar panels produce excess power, the power is fed back into the electric
grid. The utility company compensates for producing the energy by adding
credits to utility bill. Then when we need to utilize the grid for power, like at
night, when panels are not producing energy, we can use the credits instead
of paying out of pocket for the energy we consume.
On cloudy weather solar panels will still work, only efficiency will reduce.
4.Traditional Aesthetics of Photovoltaic Panels
 Currently, the most traditional model is that of blue and black rectangular photovoltaic
panels attached to the building’s roof, sometimes at different slopes or angles.
 Although these products generate electricity but they detract from the aesthetics of a
buildings, difficult to customize by size, available colours are restricted and easily
distinguished from non building integrated photovoltaic sections.
 With the installation of solar shingles, solar glass cladding, and solar shutters ,we can
overcome the challenges of traditional solar products.
 Example: Mitrex, focused on making truly integrated products.
 Their solar cladding generates electricity while acting as a beautiful and durable
building envelope.
 Customizable solar glass can replace any glass needed in a building while acting as a
solar power generation system.
Possibilities of solar energy Potential in Bihar
There is a great possibility of generation of solar energy in Bihar.
Bihar has about 280-300 sunny days in a year.
The state investment promotion board(SIPB), Bihar has approved 9 solar power
projects of cumulative capacity 366MW, comprising investment of 5562.72 crore.
The average annual global solar radiation obtained in the range of 4.79-
5.42kWh/sqm.
Direct and solar radiation obtained in the range of 3.70-6.18Kwh/sq.m and 1.59-
2.44kWh/sqm respectively.
The MNRE solar map also shows that Bihar state, unlike North-Western parts of
the country, falls in moderate solar radiation zone of india.
The availability of average annual global radiation in the state is sufficient for
development of solar PV power projects.
 CONCLUSION
 The renewable energy replaces the need for the fossil fuels used for the
generation of electricity, which cuts greenhouse gases and helps in
sustainable development.
 By using solar energy, the environment can be protected from global
warming.
 Although setting up solar energy powered system on built environment can
be costly during establishment but it saves energy which helps sustainability
of the environment.
 In long term, it reduces cost as well.
 In the future it probably has the greatest amount of potential to generate
electricity.
THANK YOU