Chapter 12

Section 12.
1
Characteristics of Chemical Bonds
Steven S. Zumdahl
Susan A. Zumdahl
Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter 12
Chemical Bonding
Gretchen M. Adams • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Section 12.1
Objectives
1. To learn about ionic and covalent bonds and explain
how they are formed
2. To learn about the polar covalent bond
3. To understand the nature of bonds and their relationship
to electronegativity
4. To understand bond polarity and how it is related to
molecular polarity
Section 12.1
A. Types of Chemical Bonds

• Bond – force that holds groups of atoms together and
makes them function as a unit
• Bond energy – energy required to break a chemical bond
Section 12.1
Ionic Bonding
• Ionic compound results when a metal reacts with a

nonmetal.
Section 12.1
Covalent Bonding
• A covalent bond results when electrons are shared

by nuclei.
Section 12.1
Covalent Bonding
• A polar covalent bond results when electrons are shared
unequally by nuclei.
 One atom attracts the electrons more than the other
atom.
Section 12.1
B. Electronegativity
• Electronegativity – the relative ability of an atom in a
molecule to attract shared electrons to itself
 Increases from left to right across a period
 Decreases down a group of representative elements
Section 12.1
Concept Check
If lithium and fluorine react, which has more

attraction for an electron? Why?
In a bond between fluorine and iodine, which

has more attraction for an electron? Why?
Section 12.1
Concept Check
What is the general trend for electronegativity

across rows and down columns on the
periodic table?
Explain the trend.

Section 12.1
• The polarity of a bond depends on the difference
between the electronegativity values of the atoms
forming the bond.
Section 12.1
Section 12.1
Exercise
Arrange the following bonds from most to least

polar:
a) N–F O–F C–F

b) C–F N–O Si–F
c) Cl–Cl B–Cl S–Cl
a) C–F, N–F, O–F
b) Si–F, C–F, N–O
c) B–Cl, S–Cl, Cl–Cl
Section 12.1
Concept Check
Which of the following bonds would be the

least polar yet still be considered polar
covalent?
Mg–O C–O O–O Si–O N–O

Section 12.1
Concept Check
Which of the following bonds would be the

most polar without being considered ionic?
Mg–O C–O O–O Si–O N–O

Section 12.1
C. Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments

• A dipole moment results when a polar molecule has a
center for positive charge separate from a center for
negative charge.
Section 12.1

• Water molecule dipole moment
Section 12.1

• The polarity of water affects its properties.
 Permits ionic compounds to dissolve in it
 Causes water to remain liquid at higher temperature

Section 12.2
Characteristics of Ions and Ionic Compounds
Objectives
1. To learn about stable electron configurations
2. To learn to predict the formulas of ionic compounds
3. To learn about the structures of ionic compounds
4. To understand factors governing ionic size
Section 12.2
A. Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions

Section 12.2

Section 12.2

• Atoms in stable compounds usually have a noble gas
electron configuration.
 Metals lose electrons to reach noble gas configuration.
 Nonmetals gain electrons to reach noble gas
configuration.
Section 12.2
Predicting Formulas of Ionic compounds

• Chemical compounds are always electrically neutral.
Section 12.2
B. Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
Structures of Ionic Compounds

• Ions are packed together to maximize the attractions
between ions.
Section 12.2
B. Ionic bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
Structures of Ionic Compounds

• Cations are always
smaller than the parent
atom.
• Anions are always
larger than the parent
atom.
Section 12.2
B. Ionic bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions

• Polyatomic ions work in the same way as simple ions.
 The covalent bonds hold the polyatomic ion
together so it behaves as a unit.
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures
Objectives
1. To learn to write Lewis structures
2. To learn to write Lewis structures for molecules with
multiple bonds
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures
A. Writing Lewis Structures

• In writing Lewis structures, we include only the valence
electrons.
• Most important requirement
 Atoms achieve noble gas electron configuration (octet
rule, duet rule).
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures

• Bonding pairs are shared between 2 atoms.
• Unshared pairs (lone pairs) are not shared and not involved
in bonding.
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures

Section 12.3
Lewis Structures
B. Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds

• Single bond – covalent bond in which 1 pair of electrons is
shared by 2 atoms
• Double bond – covalent bond in which 2 pairs of electrons
are shared by 2 atoms
• Triple bond – covalent bond in which 3 pairs of electrons are
shared by 2 atoms
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures

 A molecule shows resonance when more than
one Lewis structure can be drawn for the
molecule.
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures
Some Exceptions to the Octet Rule

 Boron – incomplete octet
 Molecules containing odd numbers of electrons – NO

and NO2
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures
Concept Check
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the

following molecules:
H2
F2
HF
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures
Concept Check

NH3
CO2
CCl4
Section 12.3
Lewis Structures
Concept Check

CO
CH3OH
OCN–
Section 12.4
Structures of Molecules
Objectives
1. To understand molecular structure and bond angles
2. To learn to predict molecular geometry from the number
of electron pairs
3. To learn to apply the VSEPR model to molecules with
double bonds
Section 12.4
A. Molecular Structure
• Three dimensional arrangement of the atoms in a
molecule
 Water - bent
Section 12.4
• Linear structure – atoms in a line
 Carbon dioxide
Section 12.4
• Trigonal planar – atoms in a triangle
 BF3
Section 12.4
• Tetrahedral structure
 methane
Section 12.4
B. The VSEPR Model

• Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model
 Molecular structure is determined by minimizing
repulsions between electron pairs.
Section 12.4
B. The VSEPR Model
Two Pairs of Electrons
• BeCl2
 180o - linear
Section 12.4
B. The VSEPR Model
Three Pairs of Electrons
• BF3
 120o – trigonal planar

Section 12.4
B. The VSEPR Model
Four Pairs of Electrons
• CH4
 109.5o – tetrahedral
Section 12.4
B. The VSEPR Model

Section 12.4
B. The VSEPR Model

Section 12.4
C. Molecules with Double Bonds
When using VSEPR model to predict molecular

geometry of a molecule
• a double bond is counted the same as a single
electron pair
Section 12.4
Concept Check
Determine the molecular structure for each of

the following molecules, and include bond
angles:
HCN
PH3
CCl4
HCN – linear, 180o
PH3 – trigonal pyramid, 109.5o
(107o)

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Section 12.

Gretchen M. Adams • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

A. Types of Chemical Bonds

A. Types of Chemical Bonds

• Ionic compound results when a metal reacts with a

A. Types of Chemical Bonds

• A covalent bond results when electrons are shared

A. Types of Chemical Bonds

If lithium and fluorine react, which has more

In a bond between fluorine and iodine, which

What is the general trend for electronegativity

Explain the trend.

Arrange the following bonds from most to least

a) N–F O–F C–F

Which of the following bonds would be the

Mg–O C–O O–O Si–O N–O

Which of the following bonds would be the

Mg–O C–O O–O Si–O N–O

C. Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments

C. Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments

C. Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments

 Causes water to remain liquid at higher temperature

A. Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions

A. Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions

A. Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions

A. Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions

Predicting Formulas of Ionic compounds

B. Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds

Structures of Ionic Compounds

B. Ionic bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds

Structures of Ionic Compounds

B. Ionic bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds

Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions

A. Writing Lewis Structures

A. Writing Lewis Structures

A. Writing Lewis Structures

B. Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds

B. Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds

B. Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds

Some Exceptions to the Octet Rule

 Molecules containing odd numbers of electrons – NO

Draw a Lewis structure for each of the

Draw a Lewis structure for each of the

Draw a Lewis structure for each of the

B. The VSEPR Model

B. The VSEPR Model

Two Pairs of Electrons

B. The VSEPR Model

Three Pairs of Electrons

 120o – trigonal planar

B. The VSEPR Model

Four Pairs of Electrons

B. The VSEPR Model

B. The VSEPR Model

C. Molecules with Double Bonds

When using VSEPR model to predict molecular

Determine the molecular structure for each of

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