Module 6 Cdi 4 Report

CAR FAMILIARIZATION
Module 6
CAR
• A car is a motor vehicle with a room for a small number
of passengers (Car in Collins Online Dictionary, n.d.).
• It also refers to an automobile which is a wheeled motor
vehicle used for transportation (Car in Wikipedia, n.d.).
A. EXTERNAL PARTS AND ACCESSORIES.
1. Front external parts and accessories

2. Rear external parts and accessories

3. Side external parts and accessories

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.
 Bull bar - a frame of strong metal bars around the front of a car or
truck, used for protecting it if there is an accident
 Bumper - a long thin bar of metal or plastic attached to the front or

back of a vehicle, designed to protect it if it hits anything.
 Chassis - the frame and wheels of a vehicle which is located under

the motor vehicle.
 Exhaust pipe - used to direct the flow of exhaust gas and smoke
coming from the engine.
 Fender – it covers or protects the area around the wheel.

 Gas cap or fuel tank cap - the cover that fits on the hole where the
fuel is placed.
 Grill – a metal screen in front serving as air vent to help cool down
the engine.
• Hood - it covers the engine and that can be raised. The British word
is bonnet
 Hubcap of center cap - a metal cover for the central part of a wheel
on a car
 License plate - a plate containing letters and numbers attached on

the back and front of a car, that shows its official number and the
region (state) where it was licensed.
 Luggage rack (top load rack) - a metal frame fixed on the roof of a
car, used for carrying large objects, bicycles etc. the British word is
roof rack
• Mudguard (mudflap) - a piece of metal, plastic, or rubber over or

behind a wheel of a vehicle that stops dirt from the road from
hitting the vehicle
• Muffler - a piece of equipment attached to the exhaust pipe to make

the sound of the engine quieter. The British word is silencer.
• Panel - a piece of shaped metal that forms part of the body of a

vehicle
• Roof - the top outer part of a vehicle

• Roof box - a large hard container that fits on the roof of a car
• Running board - a step outside the door of a vehicle, especially on

an old car
• Sideview mirror (side mirror) – a mirror on the side of a car to

enable the driver see any thing or activity on the side and/or rear of
the vehicle
• Spoiler - part on the back of a race car that keeps it on the ground at
high speeds. Sometimes ordinary cars as decoration
• Stabilizer - a part on a vehicle or machine that keeps it steady or in

the correct position
• Sunroof - part of a roof of a car that can be opened

• Tailgate (tailboard) - a door at the back of a van or truck that opens

downward
• Taillight - light of different colors attached at the back to guide other

motorists and road users on the actions or intentions of a driver
• Tailpipe - the pipe at the back of a motor vehicle that takes waste
gases out of the engine
• Tow bar - a metal bar on the back of a vehicle used for towing
another vehicle
• Trunk - the covered space at the back of a car, used for carrying
things in.
• Wheelbase - the distance between the front and back wheels of a

vehicle
• Windshield (windscreen) - the large glass window at the front of a

vehicle. The British word is windscreen
• Windshield wiper - a long thin piece of equipment that moves

across a vehicle's windshield in order to wipe the rain (or water) off
it
B. INTERNAL PARTS AND ACCESSORIES.
1. Driver compartment parts and accessories. Ilustration is from 2019

Toyota Corolla Automatic Transmission. Hence, there is no clutch pedal.
 Turn signal lever and Headlight switch – The turn signal level is
used when either turning right or left.
 Aside from turning-on the headlight, the headlight switch is also
used as "passing light" by pulling upward the lever. The headlight
switch also enables the driver to place in "high (bright)" or "low
(dim)" the headlight.
 Multi-information display - The panel behind the steering wheel
which shows the various indicators such as the fuel tank indicator,
temperature gauge, speed meter and odometer, and engine
revolution per minute (RPM).
• Meters (Speedometers, Temperature gauge, Fuel tank indicator, etc.)

– 1) Fuel level meter - it shows the actual content of the fuel tank
– 2) Odometer - it shows the total distance traveled
– 3) Speedometer it shows the actual velocity or 1 speed of the
vehicle at the moment
– 4) Temperature gauge - it shows the temperature of the engine
– 5) RPM meter - it shows the speed of revolution of the engine
• Windshield wiper and washer switch
• Emergency flasher switch - The emergency flasher is used to inform
other motorists that you are on emergency such as when bringing a
critical patient to the hospital.
• Audio display
• Hood lock release lever - It is used to unlock the engine hood.
• Tilt and telescopic steering control lever - It is used to adjust the
inclination of the steering wheel
• Brake pedal
• Engine switch (keyhole) - It is also used to lock and unlock the
steering wheel.
• Accelerator pedal - It is used to increase or decrease the amount of
injected fuel.
• Engine switch (push button)
• Parking brake (Hand brake handle)

• Shift lever
• Airconditioning system/switch
2. Other important interior parts and accessories
a) Clutch pedal (for Manual Transmission) - It disengages the clutch

disc and the pressure plate to facilitate smoot shifting of gears.
b) Steering Wheel - It is used to control the direction of the motor
vehicle.
c) Major Operating Systems of a Motor Vehicle.

 Lubrication system
 Cooling system
 Electrical system
 Brake system
 Intake system
 Exhaust system
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
– It consists of the oil pump and other hoses used to distribute
engine oil to different internal parts of the engine to reduce
friction.
– Once this system malfunctioned, it may cause mechanical
deterioration of the moving parts such as the piston rings and
engine valves. It also causes overheating of the engine.
COOLING SYSTEM
- It consists of the radiator, water pump, cooling fan, hoses and
water passages (ducts) in the engine block and heads.
- The water absorbs the heat while passing through the ducts.
Failure of this system also causes overheating of the engine.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
- It consists of the car battery, cases of gasoline-fed motor
vehicles).
- Failure of the electrical system affects the life-expectancy of the
car's battery, and in cases of gasoline-fed motor vehicles, it
affects complete combustion of the gasoline by the spark plugs.
- Worst, it may cause accidental burning of a motor vehicle due to
short circuiting.
BRAKE SYSTEM
- It is designed to slow down or to stop a motor vehicle.
- It consists of the hydrovac, brake fluid cup and brake fluid line.
- In front wheels, brake discs and brake pads are usually used.
- In rear wheels, brake drums and brake shoes are usually used.
INTAKE SYSTEM
- It allows the engine to inhale oxygen which is vital in the complete combustion
of the fuel.
- The intake system is composed of the intake manifold, air filter, throttle, and
air passageway.
- Some use turbocharged to re- flow the exhausted air, others use supercharged
or a pumped to increase the amount of air passing through the intake system.
- For gasoline-fed engines, the carburetor could be a vital element in the intake
system because the carburetor mixes the gasoline with the incoming air.
- Failure of the intake system causes incomplete burning of combustion
resulting to weaker engine power and black or grayish smoke coming out from
the exhaust tail pipe.
EXHAUST SYSTEM
- It aids in the free flowing of exhausted air out of the engine.
- It starts from the exhaust manifold and ending at the exhaust tail pipe.
- The muffler is also a vital element of the exhaust system because it reduces noise.
- Defects in the exhaust system may contribute to the overheating of vehicle due to the
smothering of exhaust heated air and smoke.
- A motor vehicle driver needs to be conscientious on the various operating systems or
mechanism of a motor vehicle to enable him preserve the life-expectancy of the engine
and the motor vehicle.
- Thorough knowledge on the various operating systems will also help the driver to
detect possible malfunctioning of the vehicle while on operation therefore preempting
any accident.
- It is also recommended that drivers should not only be skilled in operating the vehicle
but also to troubleshoot basic vehicle malfunctioning.
Slide Title
Product A Product B
• Feature 1 • Feature 1
BASIC OF DRIVING
DRIVING
• Driving is the act of controlling and directing the speed
and travelling of a motor vehicle.
• It could be also understood as the directing and
controlling a motor vehicle towards the desired way or
action.
• In RA 4136, the person, driver is defined as a person
operating a motor vehicle.
A. Before Boarding and or Start a Motor Vehicle
• A driver must always visually inspect the motor vehicles at

its surrounding before embarking.
• Look for any hazards under the car, in front, or at the rear.
• In addition, a driver must consider the old reliable
BLOWBAG principle.
• This principle is usually useful to avoid sudden motor
vehicle breakdowns and accidents, particularly when
preparing for a long road trip.
1. Battery
• The battery is important for gasoline-fed engines

because it supplies the electric power to the spark
plugs which burn the fuel.
• In diesel-fed engines, the electric current coming
from the battery will not affect the engine while
running as long as the electric alternator and voltage
regulator are properly functioning.
a. Open the hood or in some other cars,
the battery is located somewhere inside
the motor vehicle.
b. Check the battery liquid (juice) if using a
battery that needs to be frequently
maintained. This is not applicable to
maintenance-free batteries which are
common today.
c. Check also the battery terminals

(connectors) if are tight. Loose battery
connections oftentimes cause discharging of
the battery power and worse, it may cause
sparking. See also the terminals if corroded
or if covered with hardened acids.
d. Check also if the battery clamp or holder is tight to avoid movement of the battery out of its place
e. Upon switching the engine, check also the battery
indicator in the panel display which shows a possible
malfunctioning of the voltage regulator and/or the electric
alternator. Malfunctioning of the voltage regulator and/or
the electric alternator causes discharging of the battery.
2. Lights
• These include the headlight, the signal lights, fog light,

the taillights, and the plate number lights.
• The headlight is very significant when driving in the
dark to enable the driver see the road and for him seen
by others.
• Like the other lights, the headlights are also used to
communicate with other motorists and road users.
2. Lights
a. Check if there are broken glass or plastic
covers (housing) of the lights. Cracks on covers
may cause the sipping of rain waters. Once the
housing of the light is filled with water, it
causes a busting of light and it may also cause
short-circuiting.
b. Look for possible busted or malfunctioning
lights by switching on all light switches and
walk around the motor vehicle.
c. It is practical also to keep in the car, reserve
light bulbs and electrical fuses (capacitors).
3. Oil
• The lubrication ensures optimizing the engine

power by reducing the friction of the moving
parts inside the engine.
• Regular oil changing is a must to lengthen the
life of the engine. For routine practice -
a. Check always the oil gauge in the engine or by pulling
out the oil engine stick. Wipe with cloth or tissue paper
then reinsert the oil gauge stick. Pull out again and read
the oil level if still within the limit. This practice is
necessary when using older cars.
b. If the oil gauge is below the minimum limit,
add engine oil which should be the same
quality as with the oil that is already filled
during the last changing of oil.
c. If Inside the motor vehicle, switch on the

engine, and check for the oil warning light in
the display panel.
d. If necessary, keep reserve engine oil inside

the car.
4. Water
• The cooling system is also vital to the life of the

engine.
• The radiator is usually located in front of the
engine especially in rear-drive motor vehicles.
a. Open the radiator cap and check
whether the water level is up to the brim.
b. If up to the brim, then the cooling
system is functioning well. Add water if
necessary. Newer cars have a separate
coolant container.
c. If there is a separate coolant container,

check also the level of the coolant, and
add coolant necessary.
5. Brakes
• The braking system is another vital system car.

• Proper functioning of this system is necessary.
• The brake fluid container is located inside the
hood near the engine.
• Other cars have brake fluid containers inside the
motor vehicle.
a. Check the brake fluid level if it within the
minimum limit. Add brake fluid is necessary.
b. Upon the start of the engine, push the
brake pedal. Pump the pedal at least twice.
c. Push the brake pedal up to the limit. If it

suddenly loosens, there is something
wrong with the brake system.
6. Air
• The air pressure in the tire is not as vital as the

other operational systems of the motor vehicle.
• However, insufficient or excessive air pressure of
the tires may endanger the lives of the driver
and its passengers.
a. Walk around and check all the tires. See if
there are any flat tires or seemingly lack of air.
b. If the driver has a portable or handy air

pressure gauge, check the gauge through the
air valve heads of the tires. Tire pressures vary
depending on the types and motor vehicle
weight. Usually, the required tire pressures are
provided by the motor vehicle manufacturers
and such required tire pressures are marked on
the interior of a driver-side door. For the
maximum tire load, it is marked on the tire
itself.
C. Aside from the air pressure, check also for possible
damages on the tires and any other object under the
car which may cut or puncture the tires.
7. Gas
• Motor vehicle breakdown due to lack of fuel will not

also cause delay.
• It may also cause engine damages once the motor
suddenly stops while in high-speed movement.
• Upon starting the engine, check the fuel gauge display
in the panel display.
• Other cars have digital travel distances left
corresponding to the present amount of fuel in the tank.
Fuel Gauge
B. Before Starting the Engine
• A driver must always ensure his safety and

convenience in driving before starting the car's
engine. He should –
1. Fasten his/her seatbelt for safety purposes.
2. Adjust his/her seat to enable him/her reach the

clutch, brake, and accelerator pedals, and to fit in
with his/her driving convenience.
3. Adjust the rear and side mirrors to have a
complete view of the rear and sides of the motor
vehicle.
4. Adjust or tilt the steering wheel if
necessary.
5. Look around for possible hazards like
motor vehicles or persons who suddenly
park or stand at the rear.
C. Starting the Engine
• Safety is always the concern of a driver, hence,
when starting the engine, a driver must –
1. Step on the brake pedal with the right foot to
ensure that the motor vehicle will not move
forward or backward.
2. Ensure that the hand brake or parking brake is
pulled up.
3. Fully press the clutch pedal with the left foot and hold on the
shifting lever to check if the is in NEUTRAL position. In case of
automatic transmission (AT) motor vehicles, place the shift gear
to either PARK or NEUTRAL position.
4. Slightly step on the accelerator pedal in starting the
engine. Twist for a moment the key to start the engine.
Some vehicles are equipped with push-button starting
switch. Once the engine started, immediately get off your
hands from the key.
In cases of diesel engines, twist the key to switch on the
“heater” before switching on the engine.
5. Allow the engine, thru the oil pump, to distribute

lubrication inside the engine before slightly revving.
D. Moving the Motor Vehicle.
The driver must smoothly move the vehicle and sudden jumping of
the motor vehicle must be avoided. Hence, the driver should -
1. Not rev up on start of the engine. In case of diesel engines, allow

the engine to heat up before start moving the car.
2. Fully press the clutch pedal to disengage before shifting the gear
in NUMBER 1 position or first gear.
3. Slowly rev up the accelerator pedal while slowly releasing the
clutch pedal until the driver will feel vbrations in the engine
indicating that the cutch disc and pressure plate slowly engage.
Abrupt releasing of the cutch pedal will cause jumping movement of
the motor vehicle. Steps 1 to 3 should be repeatedly done by a
student driver until he/she masters the smooth starting movement of
the vehicle.
E. The Steering Wheel.
• The steering wheel is considered as one of the most significant parts
of a motor vehicles because it is the main part used in directing and
controlling the path of the motor vehicle.
• Proper hand positioning is necessary. In the olden times, the 10
o'clock (left hand) and 2 o'clock (right hand) positions were
advisable. Today, such hand positioning is still applicable but no
longer mandatory particularly on motor vehicles having small
steering wheels and with airbags in the center of the stering wheels.
Correct hand positioning and steering wheel control should be done
by the following tips of the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) in United States (Using Efficient Steering
Techniques, n.d.).
1. Both hands should be outside (left and right sides) of the
steering wheel.
2. Gripping should be firm but gentle.
3. Fingers should be gripping the steering wheel, not the palm.
4. Keeping the thumbs up on the face of the steering wheel.
5. It is not advisable to turn the steering wheel from the inside of
the rim of the steering wheel.
Further, NHTSA recommends three (3) types of steering
methods to enable a driver safely and conveniently turn a motor
vehicle (Using Efficient Steering Techniques, n.d.).
1. Hand-to-Hand Steering.
a. Hand position: left hand between 7 and 8 o'clock, and

right hand between 4 and 5 o'clock.
b. Turning right: the left hand pushes the wheel up and the
right hand slides up, grasps the wheel and pulls down to
turn. While the right hand moves down, the left hand slides
back toward its original position to make adjustments as
needed.
c. Turning left: the right hand pushes the wheel up and the
left hand slides up, grasps the wheel and pulls down to
turn. While the left hand moves down, the right hand slides
back toward its original position to make adjustments as
needed.
d. In pushing up and down the steering wheel, proper hand
positions: between 11 and 8 o'clock with the left hand and
between 1 and 8 o'clock with the right hand.
2. Hand-over-Hand Steering:
Applicable when the turning at low speeds with
limited visibility at an intersection or when
parking the vehicle or recovering from a skid.
a. Hand positions: left hand between 8 and 9
o'cdock and right hand between 3 and 4 o'dock.
b. Use the right top third of the steering whel to
move the wheel to the right and use the left top
third of the wheel to move the wheel to the left.
c. Turning right: left hand pushes up, while the right hand lets
go, reaches across the other arm, grasps the Wheel and pulls
the wheel up, over and down as appropriate. As the wheel is
being pulled up, the left hand releases the wheel and returns
to its original position.
d. Turning left: right hand pushes up, while the left hand lets
go, reaches across the other arm, grasps the Wheel and pulls
the wheel up, over and down as appropriate. As the wheel is
being pulled up, the right Hand releases the wheel and
returns to its original position.
3. One Hand Steering
This is used when backing or while operating Or manipulating
or adjusting vehicle controls like wipers, flashers, lights, etc that
require a reach from the steering wheel. This method of steering is
critical to vehicle balance, steering reversals, and potential injury
a. Hand position when reaching for an operating control: between
8 and 9 o'clock or 3 and 4 o'clock, depending on steering wheel
design.
b. Hand position when backing: 12 o'clock is recommended to the
left or right and the driver has to turn his head in order to see the
path of travel to the rear.
c. When turning right while backing, the steering
wheel is also turned to the right.
d. When turning left while backing, the steering
wheel is also turned to the left.
F. The Pedals.
F. The Pedals.
• Controlling the pressure of applied on the pedal
controls is dependent on how tight or loose the
pedals. In new vehicles, pressure applied is
usually light and foot movement is slow.
• On the other hand, some old vehicles have very
tight pedals, hence, foot pressure is greater or
stronger.
1. Accelerator Pedal.
1. Accelerator Pedal.
• In slow speed movement, the pedal is usually
slightly pressed at approximately 1000 rpm to
1200 rpm. When travelling at higher speed, the
revving is greater but should not be more than
2500 rpm (ideal).
2. The Clutch Pedal.
As earlier stated, when the dutch pedal is fully pushed
down, it disengages the clutch disc and the pressure plate,
thus enable smooth changing a gears.
a. Generally, the pushing down of the clutch pedal should
be quick and completely pushed downward.
b. The speed of releasing of the clutch pedal is slow when
shifting gear from first to second gear. From second gear to
third gear, the release of the clutch is a little bit faster than
when shifting from first gear to second gear.
c. The releasing is also slowly when adjusting the speed from fast to
slow such as from fourth to third gear to avoid sudden engagement
of the clutch disc and the pressure plate. Such abrupt engagement
of the clutch disc and the pressure plate causes struggling of the
engine and transmission because the spinning speed of the engine
does not match the spinning movement of the transmission.
Eventually, when this always happens, it will Contribute to the
early wearing out of the engine, and the gears in the transmission.
d. Shifting from 3rd to 4th or 4h to 5th, the releasing of the clutch
pedal should be very quick when traversing on flat and downhill
roads.
e. Releasing the clutch pedal should also be slow when shifting
from a high gear to a lower gear such as from 5th to 4th, 4th to
3rd, and 3rd to 2nd, In shifting back to low gear, the driver
should slightly press the brake pedal to slow down the spinning
(or revolution per minute (rpm)) of the engine to avoid
struggling of the engine. The struggling is caused by the
discrepancy of the rpm of the engine and the gears in the
transmission.
f. The clutch pedal is always completely pressed whenever the
motor vehicle comes into complete stop to avoid sudden
shutting off of the engine.
3. The Brake Pedal
3. The Brake Pedal
Similar with the other control pedals, the pressure of
pushing down the brake pedal is dependent on the
tightness of the pedal.
a. Reducing speed: the movement of pushing the brake
pedal should be slowly and not ful-pressing depending Of
the desired speed of the motor vehicle.
b. Complete stopping: It should be fully-pushed downward
but the moement of pushing the brake pedal should be
slowly unless there is an immedlate risk of collision.
3. The Brake Pedal
c. In some older motor vehicles, particularly those still
Equipped with manual braking system, pushing the
brake pedal is sometimes done twice or more until the
brake functions.
d. In reducing the speed by stepping on the brake pedal,
once the engine and transmission struggle (It can be
detected by vibration from the engine), fully pushed the
clutch pedal to avoid sudden shutting off of the engine.
G. Shifting Gears.
G. Shifting Gears.
• Shifting of gears entails coordinated and
simulated actions and movements of the hand
controlling the shifting lever, the left foot in
pressing the clutch pedal, and the right foot in
releasing and pushing back the accelerator
pedal.
• In addition, the remaining hand should firmly
grip the steering wheel.
H. Lights and Signals.
H. Lights and Signals.
• While driving, controlling the switches of lights
and signals cannot be avoided.
• Like in shifting gears, there are body movements
that are simultaneously and coordinately done.
• Usually, one hand is left gripping the steering
wheel, while the other hand is controlling or
adjusting lightsand/or signal switches (refer to
One-hand Steering Method).
I. Other Accessories.
• In driving, controlling the switches of other accessories
such as the car air-condition, the audio or visual gadgets
and other interior accessories cannot be avoided.
• This also involves body movements that are
simultaneously and coordinately done.
• Usually, one hand is left gripping the steering wheel,
while the other hand is controlling or adjusting switches
of accessories and/or gadgets (refer also to One-hand
Steering Method).
J. Backing or Reverse Movement.
Backing the motor is more difficult than moving forward.
Moving backward involves coordinated and simulated
movement of the head, eyes, feet, and hands. Safe and
convenient backing may be done through the following.
1. Apply the one-hand steering method when the driver
needs to turn his/her head to have better View of the rear.
2. Apply the two-hand steering method when backings done
with the aid of thhe sideview and rearview mirrors.
Defensive Driving
Lesson 6.3
Defensive Driving Defined
• According to National Safety Council’s Defensive Driving
Course, defensive driving is the “driving to save lives,
time, and money, in spite of the conditions around you
and the actions of others” (McNamara, 2012.)
• It is Also understood as the “driving in a manner that
utilizes safe Driving strategies to enables motorists to
address identified Hazards in a predictable manner.
• These strategies go well beyond instruction on basic traffic
laws and procedures” (What is Defensive Driving, n.d.).
A. Defensive Driving Tips
• The emphasis of any defensive Driving approaches and
strategies is on driving safely.
• For this Author, safe driving can be attained by
conscientiously observing the following tips.
• For easier recalling, the acronym DEFENSIVE is used.
D – Decrease speed upon perceiving potential hazards.
E – Ensure your personal safety and safety of your Passengers.
F – Fasten seatbelts. Many lives are lost because of the Failure to fasten
seatbelts.
E – Expect that other motorists and road users will commit Mistakes.
N – Never beat the yellow and/or red light.
S – Start the day with a prayer.
I - Increase speed if another motor vehicle is in the risked of hitting the rear
of your car.
V – Veer direction away from vehicles encroaching your Lane.
E – Establish the 2-second rule (3-second rule for others).
1. D – Decrease speed upon perceiving potential hazards. In Traffic accidents,
hazards are not limited to dangerous Physical objects in the trafficway and
road conditions. Hazards in traffic are generated by negligent or imprudent
behaviors of road users. Hence, all pedestrians, motorists, Animals,
Commuters (passengers), and other road users Are considered potential
hazards. Listed below are Examples of the potential hazards.
a. Any person walking or standing along the sidewalk. There are instances
that persons walking or standing on sidewalks suddenly run across the
street.
b. Playing children near the road or beside roadways. Like any other persons
beside the roadways, those playing Children may suddenly run across the
streets
c. A rolling ball on the road could develop into hazard if
suddenly a child will come running towards the bal.
d. Public utility vehicles (PUV) which are unloading Passengers,
some passengers who have just disembarked from the PUV
quickly cross the street.
e. Any motor vehicle or pedestrian encroaching on your Driving
Lane.
2. E – Ensure your personal safety and safety of your Passengers.
Drivers are legally and morally bound to Ensure his/her
passengers not only his/her Own safety. Hence, a driver must do
the following safety trips for His/her passengers.
a. Remind his/her passengers to exercise utmost care in
Embarking and disembarking.
b. Not allow hitching at the back of his/her car or on the
running board and riding on top of the vehicle.
c. Audibly tell his/her passengers not to immediately Cross
the street after disembarking.
d. Tell at once to anyone not to bring out in the window
any part of their bod.
3. F – Fasten seatbelts. Many lives are lost because of the
Failure to fasten seatbelts. The river must at all times Fasten
his/her seatbelts regardless of the distance to be Travelled.
He/she must remind also his/her passengers to Fasten their
seatbelts if there are any.
4. E – Expect that other motorists and road users will commit
Mistakes. The core of any defensive driving principle is the
Anticipation of any negligence or imprudence by other Drivers
and other road users. It is normal. Some may Unintentionally or
unconsciously or may be intentionally Commit error while
driving. Regardless of the reason of Such error, a driver must
always anticipate those Misbehaviors of others so he/she could
immediately react. Misbehaviors of drivers and other roads users
include but not limited to the following enumeration.
a. Beating the yellow or red light
b. Anticipating the green light
c. Overtaking in a no overtaking zone
d. Miscalculating a road Curve or bend
e. Going beyond the speed limit
f. Improper overtaking or passing
g. Sudden backward movement on uphill road particularly in a
congested area
h. Failure to yield the right of way
I. Improper use of headlight and other signal lights
j. Improper parking
k. Jaywalkers
I. Abrupt running to cross a street
m. Disembarking in no loading areas
5. N – Never beat the yellow and/or red light. Commonly,
People say “do not beat the red light”. However, beating
both the yellow and red light is correct. It is beating the red
light because a driver or a pedestrian accelerates before the
yellow light turns to red. On the other hand, many road
users accelerate their speed once the yellow light is on
before it turns to red. Hence, beating the yellow light is also
correct.
6. S – Start the day with a prayer. This could not be the first
Statement among this list of defensive driving techniques,
but it is actually the first to be done by any traveler,
Whether on wheels or on foot. Divine guidance is still the
best antidote for every misdeed in the highway.
7. I - Increase speed if another motor vehicle is in the risked of
hitting the rear of your car. There are times that some Drivers
anticipate the greenlight, that is – start moving Even the light
is still red. There are also drivers who Accelerates in the
intersection after a vehicle passed Across his/her path placing
a risk of angular front to rear Collision. To avoid accident and
as a defensive driver, He/she must increase his/her speed so
that his/her Vehicle’s rear will not be hit by the speeding
Vehicle coming from an angular direction.
8. V – Veer direction away from vehicles encroaching your
Lane. As earlier mentioned, some drivers may intentionally
or unintentionally Overtake in a very risky manner. As a
Defense, a driver should veer away or change direction
Away from the overtaking motor vehicle. Reducing speed
is also recommendable so as to give chance for the
Overtaking driver to get back to his/her lane.
9. E – Establish the 2-second rule (3-second rule for others). Tailgating
is a risky driving behavior unless a driver is Preparing to overtake a
motor vehicle. Normally, it takes a Driver at least 1.5 seconds to react
and final Come to a Complete stop from the moment he/she perceive
that the Motor vehicle in front suddenly stops
To check Whether the distance is at least 2 seconds Away, a driver will
see any fix object as a reference point Once the vehicle in front reaches
the point adjacent to the Fix object, the driver behind will start counting
1001, 1002, 1003, And so on until the later also reaches the point
seconds and more, then the distance between the hu vehicles is safe.
B. Additional DO's and DON'T's related to defensive driving.
1. Plan the trip and the route to be taken. This is critical particularly
when going for a long road trip. For shorter travels, a driver could
avoid sudden swerving or turning toward another road/street.
Sufficient sleep and rest are also vital particularly before going out for
long trips. Sleepy or dozing drivers is one of the most common factors
leading to accidents.
2. Learn to be far-sighted. A defensive driver must be able to perceive
what is going on beyond the motor vehicle in front as well as beyond
the vehicle right behind the rear. Misbehavior by the driver of the
motor vehicle in front may be because of the negligent act of another
driver far in front.
3. Frequent scanning the surrounding area. Learn to scan the rear, the
front, and the sides of the motor vehicle. Many times, some motorists,
especially motorcycle riders, Overtake on the right instead on the left. To
be able take the appropriate evasive action, a driver should from time to
time, look at the side mirrors and the rearview mirrors. Frequent moving
of the eyes may also help alert a driver, thus preventing dozing while
driving.
4. Take a rest or nap when drowsy. Resisting drowsiness is very
dangerous because it affects one's reflexes and alertness. Look for a safe
place to park the vehicle so a drowsy driver may rest and sleep before
Continuing to drive.
5. Always bring Early Warning Devices (EWD). Motor vehicle

malfunctioning may occur the least it is expected. Having ready early
warning devices inside the car could help in Avoiding accidents when
the vehicle is stalled particularly in risky areas of a highway.
6. Do not insist right of way. Accidents occur when a motor Vehicle
encroaches the right of way of another vehicle and when the driver
who has the right of way insists his/her Right. Example of this is when
a vehicle suddenly counter Flows to pass numerous vehicles and the
affected driver on the opposite direction does not give way, collision is
likely to occur.
7. Do not take alcoholic beverages hours before operating a Motor

vehicle. It is proven that intoxication of alcohol Affects the reflexes and
the alertness of a driver.
8. Misusing the horn. The horn is use to communicate with other road
users such as warning pedestrians that you are Approaching,
expressing gratitude to those who yielded The way, and telling a road
User to pass ahead. Misuse of the horn may cause accident and it is
also annoying. Some Of the don’ts in using the horn are listed below.
a. Blowing the horn on pedestrians crossing on a crosswalk unless the

crosswalk is controlled by a traffic Signal light. The pedestrians are priority
in any Crosswalk.
b. Lengthy blowing of the horn when another motorist Committed
misbehavior in the road. The negligent Driver may just be rattled causing
him/her to commit Further error that can lead to accident. In addition,
Lengthy blowing of the horn may indicate anger and could irritate the
erring driving which may erupt into fight between the two drivers.
c. Continuous blowing of the horn to inform the motorist in front which failed
to immediately move forward after the traffic light turned to green. This can
also irritate Ne affected motorist causing him/her to retaliate or be rattled
causing him to abruptly move forward.
9. Switching the headlight in bright position to warn an overtaking

vehicle coming from opposite direction. As defense, consider the
following whenever wrong overtaking of oncoming motor vehicles
happens.
a. Miscalculations in overtaking is one of the most common mistakes
committed by motorists. A driver affected by such miscalculated
overtaking may later Commit the same error.
b. Switching on the headlight in bright or in high position is
tantamount to shouting at the negligent driver. It may only irritate the
erring driver which may cause him/her to retaliate by switching also
his headlight in bright position.
c. Better to reduce speed, or come to complete stop, or change

direction to give the overtaking driver sufficient space to return back
to his/her lane.
10. Racing with pedestrians along crosswalks. There are some

drivers while approaching a crosswalk, they try to beat the
pedestrians to pass across the crosswalk lines. Such act may
rattle the pedestrians who are about to cross and they might run
also to beat the passing vehicle. For defense, reduce speed before
approaching a crosswalk and prepare for any misdeeds by
pedestrians. Remember, not only drivers who have the tendency
to "beat the red light". Pedestrians too have the same tendency.
11. Using electronic gadgets while driving. Even with the

presence of anti-distracted driving law, many drivers, by
reason of habit, are still using their mobile phones while
driving. Other are also distracted by resetting their car
stereo or GPS travel equipment.

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CAR FAMILIARIZATION

1. Front external parts and accessories

2. Rear external parts and accessories

3. Side external parts and accessories

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

 Bumper - a long thin bar of metal or plastic attached to the front or

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

 Chassis - the frame and wheels of a vehicle which is located under

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

 Fender – it covers or protects the area around the wheel.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

 License plate - a plate containing letters and numbers attached on

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Mudguard (mudflap) - a piece of metal, plastic, or rubber over or

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Muffler - a piece of equipment attached to the exhaust pipe to make

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Panel - a piece of shaped metal that forms part of the body of a

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Roof - the top outer part of a vehicle

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Running board - a step outside the door of a vehicle, especially on

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Sideview mirror (side mirror) – a mirror on the side of a car to

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Stabilizer - a part on a vehicle or machine that keeps it steady or in

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Sunroof - part of a roof of a car that can be opened

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Tailgate (tailboard) - a door at the back of a van or truck that opens

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Taillight - light of different colors attached at the back to guide other

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Wheelbase - the distance between the front and back wheels of a

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Windshield (windscreen) - the large glass window at the front of a

4. Definition and description of each in part or accessory.

• Windshield wiper - a long thin piece of equipment that moves

1. Driver compartment parts and accessories. Ilustration is from 2019

• Meters (Speedometers, Temperature gauge, Fuel tank indicator, etc.)

• Parking brake (Hand brake handle)

2. Other important interior parts and accessories

a) Clutch pedal (for Manual Transmission) - It disengages the clutch

c) Major Operating Systems of a Motor Vehicle.

• A driver must always visually inspect the motor vehicles at

• The battery is important for gasoline-fed engines

c. Check also the battery terminals

• These include the headlight, the signal lights, fog light,