Body Defences, Immunity, Immunization

BODY DEFENSES
Introduction:
• Every human being has its immune system to

defend it against the pathogens.
• Resistance is the ability to prevent the disease

through our defences.
Meaning:
“Body defenses means to defenses against

infection.”
• The body has natural defenses that protect against
infection.
• Normal floras, body system defenses, and
inflammation are all nonspecific defenses that protect
against microorganisms regardless of prior exposure.
• If any body defenses fail, an infection usually occurs
and leads to a serious health problem.
Categories / Types of Body defence:
Defences can be categorized as nonspecific and specific.
1. Nonspecific defenses: protect the person against all

microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure.
2. Specific (immune) defenses: are directed against

identifiable bacteria,viruses, fungi, or other infectious
agents.
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Mechanism of non specific Defence:
a) First Line of Defence:
 Mechanical barrier (Skin, Mucus membrane, hair follicle)
 Chemical barrier ( Sebum, HCl in Gastric mucosa)
b) Second line Defence:
 Inflammation response
 Phagocytosis (Attachment, Ingestion, Killing &
degradation)
c) Third line Defence:
 Specific Immune Response
 Natural killer cells

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Cont’d…
a) First Line of Defence:

• Mechanical and Chemical barrier:
- The primary defence against infectious disease are
the surface barriers that prevent pathogens from
entering the body.
- It involves the skin and mucous membrane.
- In these membranes, there are densely packed cells
that protect the internal environment from the
invasion by foreign cells.
- Substance such as sebum, mucus, HCl in gastric
mucosa act as first line of defences.
Cont’d…
b) Second line Defence:
a) Inflammatory response:
 All bacteria break through the chemical and
mechanical barriers then the body has 2nd line of
defence.
It isolates the pathogens and stimulates the speedy
arrival of large number of immune cells.
The inflammatory mediators like histamine, kinins
and prostaglandin are released in inflammatory
response.
Cont’d…
Attract WBCs
Chemotaxis
Redness, pain, swelling
leads to
Increased flow and vascular permeability in affected region
leads to
Phagocytic WBCs reach general area
and then
Enter the affected tissue
Cont’d…
b) Phagocytosis:
• It is the major
component of 2nd line
of defence.
• It involves ingestion
and destruction of
micro-organism or
other small particles
with the help of two
types of phagocytes.
PHAGOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS MACROPHAGES
• Granular Leukocytes.  Phagocytic Monocytes
• First reach the  Get enlarged to form giant
inflammatory site. phagocytic cells after
migrating out of blood.
 May be there in some of the
outside mucus membrane.
 They use lysis & breaking
method by damaging
plasma membranes for
killing the cells.
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Cont’d…
Stages of phagocytosis:
• Attachment
• Ingestion
• Killing
• Degradation

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c) Third Line of Defence:
Cont’d…
Natural Killer Cells:
 Group of Phagocytes which can kill tumor cells & cells infected
by different Viruses.
Interferon:
 Protein produced by certain type of cells after infected by virus
which inhibit the spread or development of viral infection.
 Types are Leucocyte interferon (ɑ), Fibroblast interferon (ß),
Immune interferon (λ).
Complement:
 Group of plasma proteins which cause lysis of foreign cells.
 It’s action is triggered by a specific & non-specific immune
mechanism.

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SPECIFIC RESISTANCE
OR
IMMUNITY
DEFINTION OF SPECIFIC DEFENCE/
IMMUNITY
“The ability of the body to defend itself against specific
invading agents such as bacteria, viruses, toxins and foreign
tissues is called immunity.”
Specific defenses of the body involve the immune system.

An antigen is a substance which induces an immune response
in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
If the proteins originate in a person’s own body, the antigen is

called an autoantigen.

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Types of Immune Responses:
• The immune response has two components:
1. Cell mediated immunity

2. Antibody mediated (Humoral) Immune
Response
Cont’d…
1. Cell mediated immunity:
• The cell-mediated defenses, or cellular immunity,
occur through the T-cell system.
• CD 8 & T Cells proliferate into Killer cells & directly
attack the invader antigen.
• It is effective against intracellular pathogens, cancer
cells and foreign tissue transplant.
Cont’d…
2. Antibody mediated (Humoral) Immune
Response:
• Another name for the antibody-mediated defenses is
humoral (or circulating) immunity.
• In this B cells transform into plasma cells, which
synthesize and secrete proteins called antibodies or
immunoglobulin.
• It works against antigens dissolved in body fluids
and intracellular pathogens.
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY
ACQUIRED
INNATE IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Own antibodies Ready made antibodies
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
Exposure to Immunization
infectious agent
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
Maternal antibodies Antibodies from
other sources
IMMUNIZATION
IMMUNIZATION
• Immunity is the resistance that a person has
against disease.
• Immunity can be natural or acquired.
• Acquired may be active or passive.
1) Active Immunization
2) Passive Immunization
Cont’d…
1) Active Immunization:
– It is produced by natural or acquired stimulation, So that the
body produces its own antibodies.
– It may be produced by administering live or killed micro-
organisms or their antigens or inactivated vaccines and
toxoids.
2) Passive Immunization:
– Passive immunization can occur naturally, when maternal
antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta,
and it can also be induced artificially.
– It is given for temporary protection against disease when
active immunizing agents are not available or when there is
insufficient time to acquire active immunization following
exposure to disease.
THANK YOU

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BODY DEFENSES

• Every human being has its immune system to

• Resistance is the ability to prevent the disease

“Body defenses means to defenses against

Defences can be categorized as nonspecific and specific.

1. Nonspecific defenses: protect the person against all

2. Specific (immune) defenses: are directed against

SHRI VINOBA BHAVE COLLEGE OF

SHRI VINOBA BHAVE COLLEGE OF

a) First Line of Defence:

SHRI VINOBA BHAVE COLLEGE OF

SHRI VINOBA BHAVE COLLEGE OF

Specific defenses of the body involve the immune system.

If the proteins originate in a person’s own body, the antigen is

SHRI VINOBA BHAVE COLLEGE OF

1. Cell mediated immunity

ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY

SHRI VINOBA BHAVE COLLEGE OF

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