Ohms-Law Watt

Building Utilities 2
Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical

Systems
Ar. Marites G. Balmas, REB, REA

Learning Material Code: BU2W2-W4
Module Title : The Basic of Electrical and Electronic System
Learning Objectives:
At the end module you should be able to:
Understand the application, specifications, purpose and
importance of the electrical and electronic system in the
practice of architecture
Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s law is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance and
how they relate to each other. Ohm’s law was developed by a German
physicist named Georg Ohm who undertook many experiments to develop
his theory including measuring current by touching electrical circuits to see
how much it hurt. The higher the current, the more it hurt.
Ohm’s Law Relationship Between Voltage, Current and Resistance

Ohm’s Law formulas
The three formulas we use are:
 Voltage = Current x Resistance
 Current = Voltage / Resistance
 Resistance = Voltage / Current
Ohm’s law triangle
Voltage is measured in the unit of Volts, represented with
a “V”
Current is measured in the unit of Amps (Amperes),
represented with an “A”
Resistance is measured in the unit of Ohm’s, represented
with a “Ω”
So, if we want to find the voltage, we write V = and then cover up the V in the
triangle, that leaves us with I and R. So, we write
I x R. Which means Voltage = Current multiplied by Resistance. You can write a
little multiplication symbol in the triangle between the two letters if it helps you.
Find Voltage With Ohm’s Law

We know what you’re thinking. Why is current represented
with the letter I and not a C for current or even an A for the
unit for Amperes. Well, the unit of current is the Ampere or
Amp which is named after André Ampère, a French
physicist. A couple of hundred years ago he undertook lots
of experiments many involved varying the amount of
electrical current, so he called this intensité du courant or
intensity of current. So, when they published his work, they
took the letter I and it become standard until this day.
 You might also come across formulas where the letter E is used instead of V.
The E stands for EMF or electromotive force but don’t worry about that, just
stick with using V and substitute V for E if you see it used in an Ohms law
question.
 Sometimes “E” is used instead of “V” for Ohm’s Law
 By covering V we get voltage = Current multiplied by Resistance.

To Find Current
 If we want to find Current, then we write down I = and then cover up the
letter I. That gives us V and R and as V is above the R like a fraction, we can
write V ÷ R. Therefore, Current is equal to Voltage divided by Resistance.
Find Current With Ohm’s Law

To Find Resistance
 Ifwe want to find Resistance then we write R = and cover up the R, that
leaves us with V and I so we write V ÷ I which gives us Resistance = Voltage
divided by Current.
Find Resistance With Ohm’s Law

 Let’s look at some examples for how to use these formulas. First, lets see
how we find voltage and how it relates to the other parts.
Finding Voltage Example
 Let's say we have a simple electrical circuit with a battery and a resistor. We
don’t know what voltage the battery is though. The resistor is 3Ω and when
we connect a multimeter into the circuit, we see that we get a reading of 2
Amps.
Voltage Ohm’s Triangle

 We want to find the voltage so using ohms triangle we cover up V and that
gives us V = I x R. We know the current is 2 Amps so we write that in and
we know the Resistance is 3 Ohms so we write that in too. Therefore 2A
multiplied by 3Ω gives us 6 Volts. The battery is therefore 6V.
 If we double the voltage by connecting two 6V batteries in series, we get 12V. If
we now connect this to the same circuit, the current also doubles from 2A to 4A.
If we double the voltage again to 24V the current will also double to 8A.
 What’s the relationship here? We can see that current is therefore directly
proportional to voltage.
Ohm’s Law Relationship Current And Voltage

Finding Voltage Example
A circuit has a resistance of 20 Ohms and the current
flows at 12 amperes·. Determine the voltage.
SOLUTION
V=IxR
= 12 X 20
V = 240 volts
 Remember; voltage is like pressure. It’s the pushing force in the circuit. It
pushes the electrons around the wires and we place things like lamps in the
way of the electrons so they have to flow through it and this causes the lamp
to light up.
 By doubling the voltage we see that the current also doubles, meaning more
electrons flow as we apply more pressure. Just like if we use a bigger pump,
more water will flow.
Finding Current Example
 Let's say we now have a 3Ω lamp connected to a 6V power supply. To find
the current we write down I = and cover up the I in the triangle. That gives
us V ÷ R so Current equals Voltage divided by resistance. We know the
voltage is 6V and the resistance is 3 ohm so the current is therefore 2A and
that’s what we see with the multimeter.
Current Ohm’s Triangle

By the way if you don’t have a multimeter then we
highly recommend you get one, it’s essential for trouble
shooting and also building your electrical knowledge.
So, we saw what happens when we use a resistance of 3
ohms in the circuit. But If we double the resistance to 6
ohms by placing another 3 ohms lamp into the circuit, the
current halves to 1A.
Finding Current Example
Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 5
Ohms on a 120 volts and 240volts current supply.
SOLUTION·
1. For 120 volts: 2. For 240 volts:
I= V I = V
R R
= 120 = 240
5 5
I = 24 amperes I = 48 amperes
 Ifwe double the resistance again to 12 Ohms, the current will half again to
0.5A. We can visually see this because the lamps will become less bright as
the current reduces from the increase in resistance.
 What’s the relationship here? We can see that the current is inversely
proportional to resistance. When we double the resistance, the current will
decrease by half. If we half the resistance, the current will double.
Ohm’s Law Relationship Current and Resistance

Current is the flow of electrons or the flow of free electrons. For us
to make this lamp shine we need to push electrons through it. How
do we do that? We apply a voltage across the two ends. The voltage
will push the electrons. The atoms inside the copper wire have free
electrons in their valance shell which means they can very easily
move to other copper atoms, and they will naturally move to other
atoms by themselves but in random directions which is no use to
us. For the lamp to turn on we need lots of electrons to flow in the
same direction. When we connect a voltage source, we use the
pressure of the battery to push the electrons through the circuit all
in the same direction.
For example, to power this 1.5 ohm resistive lamp with a
1.5V battery, requires 1 amp of current which is equal to
(6,242,000,000,000,000,000) six quintillion two hundred
and forty-two quadrillion electrons passing from the
battery and through the lamp, every second, for the lamp
to stay on at full brightness. If the voltage or current
reduces or the resistance of the circuit increases, then the
lamp will become dimmer.
Finding Resistance Example
Say we have a resistive lamp connected to a 12V power
supply. We don’t know how much resistance it’s adding
to the circuit but we measure the current as 0.5 A.
Resistance Ohm’s Law
To find resistance we write down R = and cover up the R
on the triangle. We’re left with V and I so Resistance =
Voltage divided by current. We know the voltage is 12V
and the current is 0.5A so 12 divided by 0.5 gives us 24
Ohms of resistance.
Finding Resistance Example
A water heater draws I0 amperes at 240 volts current
supply. Determine its heat resistance .
SOLUTION:
R=V
I
R = 240
10
R = 24 Ω
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electrons. It tries to prevent
electrons from flowing. That’s why we use resistors in circuits to reduce
the current and protect the components such as an LED. If we tried to
connect an LED directly to a 9V battery it will blow out because the
voltage and current are too high. But when we add a resistor into the
circuit, these are reduced so the LED is protected and will shine brightly.
So given a circuit, we can increase the current by increasing the voltage
or we can also increase the current but reducing the resistance. We can
also reduce the current by increasing the resistance.
Overview Of Ohm’s Law
Watt
Watt -the measuring unit of electric power. When
multiplied by 1000, the product is called Kilowatt. Thus,
1 ,000 watts is One Kilowatt. Power has several forms: an
electric motor produces mechanical power that is measured
in terms of horsepower. An electric heater produces heat or,
thermal power, and light bulb produces both heat and light
that is measured in terms of candle power. Watt is the
power term. It is a measure of the power consumed.
The power input (in. watt) to any electrical device having a resistance R with the current
I is expressed
in the following equations:
Watt= I2 x R
By Ohms law:

Where:
V = IR
R=V
I
Since W = I2 R ; W = I2 V ; W = I V
I
or W = V l
W is in Watts
R is in Ohms
I in Amperes
V In Volts
Finding Power Example
A mercury lamp having a hot resistance Of
50 Ohms, is connected to a socket with 240v current
supply.
a. How much current flows though the lamp?

b. Calculate the power drawn.
SOLUTION
I = V ; I = 240 ; I = 4.8 Amperes
R 50
Where power factor (pf) in a purely resistive circuit, such as
those with only electric heating elements impedance or resistance
power factor ( pf) is equal to 1. 0.
Thus:
W =VI x pf
W = 240 x 4.8 x 1.0
w = 1,152 watts
W = I2 R
W = (4.8)2 x50
W = 1,152 watts
Sources:
https://theengineeringmindset.com/ohms-law/
Electrical Layout and Estimate by Max B. Fajardo Jr.
Thank you for listening!

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Building Utilities 2

Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical

Ar. Marites G. Balmas, REB, REA

Ohm’s Law Relationship Between Voltage, Current and Resistance

Find Voltage With Ohm’s Law

 Sometimes “E” is used instead of “V” for Ohm’s Law

 By covering V we get voltage = Current multiplied by Resistance.

Find Current With Ohm’s Law

Find Resistance With Ohm’s Law

Voltage Ohm’s Triangle

Ohm’s Law Relationship Current And Voltage

Current Ohm’s Triangle

Ohm’s Law Relationship Current and Resistance

By Ohms law:

a. How much current flows though the lamp?

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