JSPM’s

JAYAWANTRAO SAWANT COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, PUNE
Department of Computer Engineering

Seminar report

Topic-

“IoT-Equipped and AI-Enabled Next Generation

Smart Agriculture: A Critical Review, Current
Challenges and Future Trends
”
By-

ASHUTOSH RAJENDRA GAWARE

Class : T.E. A Roll no. : 3131

Under the guidance

Of

Ass. Prof. N.R. Zinzurke

 JSPM’s
JAYAWANTRAO SAWANT COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING, PUNE
Department of Computer Engineering

--- CERTIFICATE ---

This is to certify that, ASHUTOSH RAJENDRA GAWARE

student of JSPM’S Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering,
Pune studying
in the Third year of the Department of Computer Engineering has
satisfactorily
submitted a seminar report on the subject -
“IoT-Equipped and AI-Enabled Next Generation Smart Agriculture:
A Critical Review, Current Challenges and Future Trends ”

under the guidance and mentorship of Ass. Prof. N.R. Zinzurke

Place: Pune

Date: 02/11/2022

Ass. Prof. N.R. Zinzurke Dr.Poonam Lambhate Dr. R. D. Kanphade

Project Guide HOD, Computer Department Principal, JSCOE
 Acknowledgement

It gives me immense pleasure to remain deeply indebted to

my project guide Ass. Prof. N.R. Zinzurke under whom I
have had
the privilege to work. I express my sincere gratitude for the
conviction shown by him on me. His continuous support
has
boosted my moral and helped me perform better in
preparing this
report on the subject mentioned.
I am also thankful to Dr Poonam Lambhate , HOD
Computer Department and all the respected faculty
members
for guiding me towards success and enhancing my
technical
abilities.

ASHUTOSH RAJENDRA GAWARE

JSPM’s JSCOE
TE Computer A
Roll no. : 3131
 INDEX

PAGE
SR.NO CONTENTS NO.

1. Introduction 6

2. Study of existing system 10

3. Smart Irrigation Strategies 13

4. Algorithms 14

5. UAV’s 16

6. Challenges For Smart Farming 19

7. Future Trends 20

8. Success Stories 21

Temperature Humidity Measurement

9. 22
Model

10. Benefits of Smart Farming 31

11. Conclusion 32

12. References 33
ABSTRACT

Smart agriculture techniques have recently seen widespread

interest by farmers. This is driven by several factors, which
include the widespread availability of economically-priced, low-
powered Internet of Things (IoT) based wireless sensors to
remotely monitor and report conditions of the field, climate, and
crops. This enables efficient management of resources like
minimizing water requirements for irrigation and minimizing the
use of toxic pesticides.

Furthermore, the recent boom in Artificial Intelligence can

enable farmers to deploy autonomous farming machinery and
make better predictions of the future based on present and past
conditions to minimize crop diseases and pest infestation.
Together these two enabling technologies have revolutionized
conventional agriculture practices.

This survey paper provides: (a) A detailed tutorial on the

available advancements in the field of smart agriculture
systems through IoT technologies and AI techniques; (b) A
critical review of these two available technologies and
challenges in their widespread deployment; and (c) An in-depth
discussion about the future trends including both technological
and social, when smart agriculture systems will be widely
adopted by the farmers globally.

JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

 INTRODUCTION

As per the recent report by the UNESCO World Water Assessment Program
(WWAP), the world’s population will increase by 33% in 2050, doubling the
need for food and water [1]. This will have serious consequences for the
whole world, especially the developing nations. Amongst the ubiquitous
Internet of Things (IoT) technology, smart agriculture is one the most
important emerging application, Smart Agriculture Techniques have
recently seen widespread interest by farmers and researchers alike to meet
increased food demands. Smart Agriculture Systems (SAS) are driven by
several key factors, which include the adoption of IoT technologies for
remote, unmanned monitoring of the agriculture fields and taking
corrective actions to make the environment most conducive for crop
growth.

SAS depends on a combination of hardware and software technologies for

optimum benefits. The hardware side is now well supported by the
availability of inexpensive, portable, power-efficient hardware with wireless
connectivity, which enables their deployment in large numbers across vast
indoor and outdoor agriculture fields. Rugged hardware modules may be
installed underground to measure soil conditions, while others may
withstand harsh climate conditions such as sunlight, rain, and extreme
humidity. Other specialized hardware includes Graphical Processing Units
(GPUs), which can process large amounts of data gathered by these
modules as dictated by software-based Artificial Intelligence (AI)
frameworks.

On the software side, the recent boom in AI and Big Data technologies
supports not only the managing of large amounts of data accumulated by
hardware modules but also to give this data as input to state-of-the-art, AI-
based predictors, which can give more well-informed decisions to the
farmer. They can efficiently analyze the latest trends in the data and
provide several insights to the farmer. These benefits range from greater
crop productivity, saving of tightly managed resources such as water for
irrigation purposes, and minimization of the use of toxic chemicals such as
those used in fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides.

JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

Such a level of control over agriculture not previously possible gives the
farmer greater flexibility and insight to plan his activities, such as
determining what crops will result in optimum yield under existing and
predicted climatic conditions. It keeps him well informed about his current
and projected use of permissible fertilizer and pesticide use. It also helps
him regulate the usage of tightly managed resources such as water for
irrigation purposes.

This paper presents a detailed review of the architectures of first-generation

smart farms relying on various wireless sensors and communications
technologies around which IoT technologies in SAS are based. We then
discuss how recent advancements in AI-powered algorithms based on Deep
Learning (DL) can use the collected data from diverse sources.

This data can be collected from a large number of IoT sensors and imagery
from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in different geographically diverse
smart agriculture fields to make more accurate and informed decisions for
pest detection, plant diseases, smart irrigation, limited use of herbicides,
and other harmful substances. We then review the current state-of-the-art
technologies, implementation challenges associated with them, and future
trends and direction in SAS.

In terms of significant contributions, this paper has presented

1) A detailed tutorial on the available advancements in the field of SAS

through IoT technologies and AI techniques

2) A critical review of these two available technologies and challenges in

their widespread deployment

3) An in-depth discussion about the future trends including both

technological and social, when SASs will be widely adopted by the farmers
globally.

The roadmap of this paper is as follows: Section II discusses the related

work. Section III discusses the state-of-the-art wireless sensor network

JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

(WSN) technology and use-cases of IoT in SAS. Section IV discusses the
smart irrigation technologies used currently in the world. Section
V presents an overview of the use of UAVs, which is a current driving force
behind AI-powered solutions for SAS. Section VI discusses these solutions
in detail, which are possible via DL applications. Section VII discusses the
challenges in SAS, and Section VIII discusses the future trends in the area
of smart agriculture technology. Finally, Section IX concludes the paper.

Agriculture has conventionally been treated as an intuitive space with wisdom

passed down from one generation to another. But today’s problems — like the
changing climate and depletion of viable farmland — are more complex and
urgent in nature.
The United Nations estimates that the global population will reach 9.8 billion
by 2050, a 2.2 billion increase from now. This means that we need to step up
our crop production significantly to cater to the growing number of people.
Unfortunately, rapid urbanization and climate changes have claimed a major
share of farmlands. In the United States alone, there has been a dip in the total
area of farmlands from 913 million acres in 2014 to 899 million acres in 2018.

Smart Agriculture using IoT is all about saving water, increasing efficiency and reducing
the environmental impacts of ornamental plant production practices!

Smart agriculture also called Climate-smart agriculture or Smart Farming.

As per (Lipper et al. 2014), “Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) may be defined as an

approach for transforming and reorienting agricultural development under the new realities of
climate change.”

JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

A few years ago everything in agriculture did manually that include cattle monitoring, soil
nutrition measuring, water supply to crop, quality of the crop, etc

Now Smartphone revolution reaches to corner of India. Today farmer uses his mobile not
only for calling but also for monitor and controlling his agriculture.

Smart agriculture or smart farming is a process of handling and monitoring agriculture

activity using wireless technology and sensors. Using sensors and wireless technology
farmer gets real-time information from the field to his remote location.

Smart agriculture uses wireless sensor networks and environmental modelling to more
accurately predict and apply irrigation water in nursery and greenhouse operations, and
monitor green roofs for stormwater mitigation.

STUDY OF EXISTING SYSTEMS:-

IoT-based smart farming has actively been in development for the last two
decades, ever since the boom in wireless sensor technology. A
comprehensive survey on the role of IoT in SAS has presented an actual
working smart greenhouse (SGH) with remote monitoring option using the
WSN technology. With the advent of smart lower-powered wireless sensor
technology enabling deployment in high densities, micromanagement ideas
for SAS have started to evolve quickly. As soil parameters could be
monitored closely, water conservation strategies such as smart irrigation
technologies were developed. Hydroponics and Aeroponics are two such
cutting-edge, soil-less medium based water management technologies.
Nalwade and Mote described a hydroponics-based smart irrigation system
in which plants are suspended into a nutrient solution instead of soil for
direct application of water to crop roots as per requirements. Idris et

JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

al. implemented an aeroponics-based water irrigation system for crops in
which water is directly sprayed at crop roots as per need. Special hardware
design for sensor nodes was actively developed especially for use in smart
agriculture applications.

IoT-based SAS studies have also been a popular topic amongst researchers .
These have been practically implemented for efficient monitoring and
controlling of the agriculture systems remotely, sometimes with the option
of saving data to the cloud for the benefit of other farmers working in
similar domains, e.g., crops and climatic conditions.

Internet of Underground Things (IoUT) is a new emerging concept .

Monitoring soil factors and climatic conditions are two major contributors
to the well-being of the crops. Like IoT, it represents an internet of wireless
sensors and actuators which are located below ground to monitor and
control soil conditions such as moisture, nutrients, acidity, pH levels, and
soil electrical conductivity. Wireless signal propagation loss and protection
of sensitive electronics inside wireless sensor nodes is a challenging issue
for the IoUT technology. Single-hop, wireless, underground sensor
networks have been discussed in detail by Tiusanen et al.

UAVs for smart cities surveillance in real-time have been proposed

previously. The use of UAVs in smart farming is also being explored by
researchers .UAVs equipped with specialized smart camera applications
capture aerial images of the field, which, combined with advanced DL-
based AI tools, can predict crop diseases, phenotyping, plant growth
monitoring, weed detection, and used for irrigation pesticide spraying.

Architecture of a neural network.

In current circumstances of acute water shortages for agricultural purposes,

it is crucial to devise smart strategies for water conservation. Advanced
irrigation concepts centered around IoT-based precision agriculture include
the techniques of hydroponics and aeroponics. Zahid et al. present a novel
TeraHertz (THz) waves based method to estimate water content in living
plant leaves to maximize water conservation via smart irrigation strategies.

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The concept of greenhouses is not new and has been around and utilized for
agriculture for a few decades now. However, with the advancement in IoT
and wireless sensor nodes technology, the SGH concept is rapidly
emerging. SGHs enable farmers to maintain micro-climate conditions,
enhance irrigation and fertilizer use. Similar to SGHs is the concept of
Tunnel Farming. Plastic tunnel farming is successful in developing
countries due to its low cost, having off-season crops, and better
productivity. Traditional tunnel farms use drip irrigation, overhead
irrigation, or sprinkler irrigation methods for better results. This type of
irrigation is better than normal flooding methods. Various irrigation
methods provide various levels of water and energy efficiency. Semi-
Circular cross-section tunnels are used, which are usually 14 to 28 feet wide
and 7 to 12 feet tall at the center (depending on width), and 48 to 96 feet
long.

It is usually recommended that tunnels should be no wider than 30 feet for

cross ventilation and to avoid snow accumulation on the roof. Like SGHs, it
is also lined with IoT sensor technology to constantly monitor soil moisture,
temperature, humidity, and light intensity and take corrective actions
accordingly through appropriate actuators.

The use of Machine Learning (ML) and DL has also been actively
researched for improved crop yields, agriculture advisory
systems detection of crop diseases, weed detection and pests. Zeynep et
al. have carried out an exhaustive literature survey on the use of DL
techniques in smart agriculture. The use cases of DL in smart agriculture
include detection of plant diseases, pest recognition, plant classification,
smart irrigation, and weed detection. Table 1 summarizes the topics related
to SAS covered in various research papers and compares them with the
contributions we presented in this survey article.

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 Smart Irrigation Strategies

1) Drip Irrigation
Drip Irrigation is the concept in which the surface irrigation method
is substituted by a channel of pipes laid into the land for irrigation.
Pinpointed locations are selected at various depths for placing water
closest to the plant roots and thus minimizing excess water loss in
the soil
surrounding the plants. Using drip irrigation, farmers can save up to
95%
of the water.

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2) Aeroponics
Like Hydroponics, Aeroponics is also a technique where plants are
grown in a soil-less environment, but instead of placing the plants in a
nutrient solution, the roots are sprayed with a nutrient solution based on
the data of root chamber moisture levels

3) Hydroponics
Hydroponics is a branch of hydro-culture, where plants are grown
in a soil-less environment using a nutrient solution, exclusively. A
mechanical structure using coir or coconut fiber may be used for
the
support of plants. The nutrient solution parameters such as pH and
electrical conductivity have to be monitored constantly

ALGORITHMS
1) Fuzzy Logic Algorithms
This is a class of algorithms based on a pre-defined set of rules and
degree of membership calculations based upon sensor values .Fuzzy
algorithms are fast and smart adaptive algorithms and include error-
control capabilities. Practical systems implemented using Fuzzy control
algorithms for smart irrigation control have been developed by several
researchers.

2) Majority Vote Algorithms

In this type of algorithm, if the majority of the sensors report a reading
greater or less than a pre-specified threshold value to trigger the
irrigation process, then the irrigation is started.

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3) Time-Controlled Algorithms
In this type of algorithm, the actuators are activated at a particular time
of the month and for the pre-specified duration. For this duration, they
stay on as per pre-set or pre-programmed conditions by the farmer. This
algorithm can sometimes use sensors as a feedback mechanism for
adaptive actuator control.

4) Exponential Weight Moving Average Algorithms

In this type of algorithm, the immediate sensor reading is multiplied by
the weighting factor and then added to an average of
previous n readings, again multiplied by a second weighting factor to
generate a moving average as per the equation given below:

S=aSc+(1−a)Sn,avg(1)

where, the coefficient value a is between 0 and 1, Sc is the current sensor

reading, and Sn,avg is the average over previous n sample readings. This
mechanism is resilient to instantaneous sensor noise.

5) Proportional Integral, Derivative (PID) Control Algorithms

This is an advanced control loop feedback process, as shown in Fig. 4, in
which a setpoint set by the farmer is tracked by the system, using a
function of the error to follow it and achieve it. The setpoint may be a
control process variable such as soil moisture, ambient temperature, or
humidity. The output of the system response is provided in Fig. 5. It can
be seen that a proportional controller achieves fast control action in
reaching the setpoint but may result in an overshoot in the process. The
integral controller achieves low steady-state error while the derivative
controller reduces system overshoots. The use of a PID controller in a
solar-based irrigation system has been discussed.

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6) Neural Network Algorithms
These belong to an advanced class of ML algorithms in which the system
is trained using training data composed of sensor values and the level of
irrigation required. Training requires setting system weights to make the
output, a weighted linear sum of input sensor values.

Use of UAVs in Smart Agriculture

UAVs are primarily used for crop monitoring through aerial images
being acquired by the UAV and crop spraying owing to the ease offered
by its aerial mobility and maneuverability. Velusamy et al. provide an
excellent taxonomy of the type of UAVs being used in precision
agriculture being classified as fixed-wing, vertical take-off and landing
(VTOL) based on their flight patterns and other architectural design such
as the number of rotors, being classified as single rotor, multi-rotor (tri-
copter, quad-copter, hexa-copter, octo-copter). These UAVs are
equipped with multiple camera types: RGB, multi-spectral, and hyper-
spectral. Different UAV architectures and mounted cameras may be
suited for specialized applications. For example, fixed-wing may be
better for broad surveillance and monitoring of the agriculture field,
while VTOL-based multi-rotor design may be suited for pesticide
spraying.

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Crop Monitoring is enabled through special aerial images acquired by
UAVs based on thermal, multi-band hyper-spectral, multi-spectral, and
light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology. This allows farmers to
identify crop conditions and plant diseases through the use of advanced
image data analytics along with exact geolocation data through GPS
measurements.The use of UAVs in modern SAS makes use of thermal,
LIDAR, hyper-spectral and multi-spectral imaging technologies together
with advanced image processing software to solve a variety of farmers’
issues.

Use of Deep Learning in Smart

Agriculture
The main feature by which DL networks are distinguished from
neural
networks is their depth, and that feature makes them capable of
discovering latent structures within unlabeled and unstructured
data. DL
is a computationally expensive algorithm and practically requires
powerful GPUs for the proper training of algorithms using large
training
datasets. Ma et al. present an approach where training could be
speeded
up using multiple GPUs in parallel.
A. Plant Diseases
In order to detect plant diseases in crops, current research has been
focusing on image-processing based DL systems instead of the
conventional practice of using RNA analysis for timely identification of
any crop diseases saving the farmers from huge economic losses. The

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

most popular image-based DL framework, shown in Fig. 7, uses a multi-
layer CNN framework that initially self-learns features present in the
labeled training image data. These learned features are then fed to an
ANN in the second stage. Neural weights, bias functions, and non-linear
activation functions are used to make the classification accuracy high.

B. Agricultural Advisory Systems

Niranjan discuss a chat-bot based farmers’ query answering system
through which they can get specific answers to their queries. The system
uses online web resources like documents as training data and Natural
Language Processing to develop a DL-based Recurrent Neural Network
(RNN) framework. The queries could range from crop types grown in
particular geographical regions to the use of pesticides and fertilizers.
Several ontology-based knowledge bases exist today, like ADANS and
AGRI-QAS which can be queried using SPARQL queries.

C. Real-Time Pest Detection

Pest detection has been investigated by some researchers. The most
notable of these works is that of Brunelli ]. The researchers claim that
although many ML algorithms exist for the detection of plant diseases
using images of damaged crops, there is no provision for real-time pest
threat detection. It is due to the fact that ML algorithms are run on
powerful hardware, physically distant from the wireless sensor nodes
collecting the data from many vantage points, so detection is done after
the damage has been done. They give a framework for real-time
detection of codling moth pest detection, using AI at edge solution.

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

D. Weed Detection
Like the nuisance of pests and plant diseases, weeds are other unwanted
plants growing within the agriculture field and reduce the productivity of
the farming lands. Ferriera et al. and Moshia and Newete have devised
CNN-based DL approaches for the detection of weeds in soybean and
cornfield. Bah et al. have done the same with images acquired via UAVs.
Kounalakis et al. have used the transfer learning approach for the
detection of weeds through the DL algorithm. Partel et al. have
developed a smart sprayer for real-time weed management using
NVIDIA GPUs and CNN. Chang and Lin developed a computer vision-
based, robotic watering, and weed detection system.

Challenges for Smart Farming

A.International Regulations on Use of Pesticides - a Case for

Organic Farming

B. Reduction of Arable Land Amid Drought-Like Situations - a

Case for Vertical Farming

C. How Will Farmers Meet the Increased Technological Costs

Associated With Smart Farming Yet Expect Food Prices to be
Low?

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D. Global Consortium for Development of Seamless Wireless
Sensor Technologies and Data Aggregation Focussed on Smart
Agriculture Use

E. Hacking Attacks on Smart Machinery and Cyber Threats to

Agro Databases

Future Trends for Smart Farming

A.Paradigm Shift from Cloud-Based to Edge AI Applications

for Smart Agriculture

B. Open Source Smart Agriculture Solutions for Farmers

C. Huge Yields Will no Longer be Due to Farmers’ Laborious

Efforts Rather His Intellectual Abilities

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

D. Rise of Blockchain Technology in Smart Farming Sector to
Counter Cyber Threats

E. Future Crops Will Not be Farmers Choice Rather Dictated

by Data Driven Smart Farming

F. 5G Wireless Technologies Will be Used for Always

Connected Smart Farming Machinery

G. Rise of Green(ER) IoT

Success stories of Farmers due to Smart Agriculture:

1.Bringing back the Sahel’s ‘underground forest’

Firewood is an increasingly scarce and valuable commodity in the Sahel.

Farmers who allow trees to regenerate on their land have a ready source of fuel
for their own use and for sale, and are able to leave crop residues in the field,
building up organic matter in the fragile soil.

Over 5 million ha of degraded land in the Sahel have been restored through a
practice known as ‘farmer-managed natural regeneration’, increasing the food
security of millions of people and enhancing their resilience in the face of
climate change.

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

2.Sustainable intensification of rice production in Vietnam

More than 1 million smallholder farmers in Vietnam are benefiting from a

package of rice production practices that boost yields, reduce water demand,
enhance the environment and mitigate climate change.

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 Temperature Humidity
Measurement using
Arduino
DHT11 is a simple, easy-to-use and very cost-effective sensor. Its
output is in the form of digital signals so it is categories under
digital sensors. This sensor is available in a very less price and its
output is also accurate, so it is mostly used in rapid prototype
development projects by students, teachers, and industry
professionals i.e it is a very popular digital temperature sensor for
Arduino and Raspberry Pi.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:-
1. Arduino UNO :-

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

 Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on hardware.
Arduino boards can read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on
an LED, publishing something online. A set of instructions can be sent
to
the microcontroller on the board. The Arduino programming language
(based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing
can be implemented.
Overview:-

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328. It depicts 20 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be
used
as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs), a 16 MHz
resonator,
a USB connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system programming
(ICSP)
header, and a reset button. Everything needed to support the
microcontroller;
is present here, simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power
it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started
Processor: ATmega328 @ 16 MHz

Program memory size: 31.5 Kbytes

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

 User I/O lines: 20

Max current on a single I/O: 40 mA

Minimum operating voltage: 7V

Maximum operating voltage: 12 V

2.DHT11
DHT11 is Temperature and Humidity Sensor with calibrated digital signal output. It has high
degree reliability and excellent long-term stability.

This sensor includes a resistive type humidity measurement component with an NTC type
temperature measurement component .

It has 8 bit microcontroller which provide 40 bit of output over SPI interface.

Specification:
o Supply Voltage: 3 – 5.5 V
o Temperature range :0-50 ° ± 2 °C
o Humidity :20-90% RH ± 5% RH

o Interface: Digital

3. Jumper wire :-

A jump wire is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a

connector or pin at each end which is normally used to interconnect
the

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

breadboard components or other prototype or test circuit, internally or else,
without soldering along with other components you see.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:-

Arduino IDE :-
The Arduino Software (IDE) i.e Arduino Integrated Development
Environment - includes a text editor for writing code, along with a
message
area, a toolbar, a text console, with buttons for common functions and
a
menu series. It attempts to link to the Arduino hardware to upload
programs
and to even relate with them.
Writing Sketches:-
Sketches are programs written using Arduino Software. These
sketches are saved with the file extension .ino and are written in a
suitable

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

text editor / IDE. Cutting/pasting and searching/replacing text can be
performed. The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting
and also displays errors. It is possible to show text output by the Arduino
Software (IDE), along with entire error messages and subsidiary data. The
bottom right of the IDE displays the configured board and serial port. The
toolbar buttons permit one to verify and upload programs, create, open, save
sketches which will be made viewable on an open serial monitor .

Cloud Platform :-
A IOT cloud platform is a server-based system that is used to connect and
manage an IOT product using web services that enable the device to
communicate between each other and also between other web applications
over internet. Exposit is the cloud platform that can be used for this project,
to store the database or for heavy processing capabilities.

Our device acts as a client and sends its data to the exposit cloud platform
through a data source channel. Any device that needs this information must
subscribe to this data channel and can receive and act upon it.

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

SMS / Notification / Email Alerts :-
The cloud platform supports applying data rules on the incoming data stream
from the client and can dispatch an e-mail or SMS to those recipients entered
by the user.

The user can specify the e-mail addresses and mobile numbers on the cloud
platform account.

Python interpreter :-
This functionality can also be handled by a python program using various
predefined libraries and APIs to trigger notifications to respective users.

What is Relative Humidity?

The DHT11 measures temperature and relative humidity (RH).

Relative humidity is the ratio of water vapor in air and the saturation point of water vapor in
air which changes with temperature Relative Humidity can be calculated as is as follows:

Relative Humidity = (density of water vapor / density of water vapor at saturation) x 100%

CONNECTIONS

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

Connect DHT11 to Arduino UNO,

Vcc — 5v ,

GND — GND,

Data Pin — any of the Digital I/O Pin of Arduino.

Upload the following code:

#include<dht.h>
dht DHT;

#define DHT11_PIN 3 // digital i/o pin no to which DHT11 data pin is connected

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

intchk = DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN);

Serial.print(” Humidity: ” );

Serial.print(DHT.humidity); //read humidity

Serial.print(“%\t”);

Serial.print(” Temparature: “); //read temperature

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

Serial.print(DHT.temperature);

Serial.print(“0c\n”);

delay(1000);

Result for Temperature Humidity measurement :

Press serial monitor button to view temperature and humidity value.

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

Benefits of Smart agriculture :

1. Real-time information of farm.

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

 2. Customized knowledge.
3. Reduce Information Asymmetry
4. Increased productivity and better access to the market.
5. Better return on investment.
6. Less manpower requirement on fields and no need for
round the clock monitoring.
7. Limit the emission of Greenhouse gases

CONCLUSION :- A comprehensive review of existing research literature

and recent state-of-the-art developments in the area of Smart Agriculture
Systems was presented.

In this paper, we first discussed the importance of smart agriculture

practices with the growing gaps in global food demand versus current
food generation, the growing shortage of arable land for agriculture,

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

stricter regulations by International organizations on the use of toxic
pesticides/herbicides, and global shortage of water resources for
irrigation purpose. Clearly, all of the challenges cannot be met through
traditional agricultural practices.

We then discussed in detail the current hardware building blocks of the

smart agriculture system, which is primarily based upon a large number
of IoT nodes deployed in the field with suitable sensors to monitor the
current situations of crops.

We also discussed the currently available and implemented hardware,

wireless communications technologies, and software aspects of the smart
agriculture systems in terms of implementation with their use-cases and
limitations

In the end, we also discussed the future directions of advancement in

smart agriculture systems and the technological difficulties and
challenges they will bring with them.

Research Papers:-

• IoT-Equipped and AI-Enabled Next Generation Smart Agriculture:

A Critical Review, Current Challenges and Future Trends | IEEE
Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore
• DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor for Arduino and
Raspberry Pi |ID (iotdunia.com)
• Big Data and Agriculture: A Complete Guide | Talend

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune

 • Interfacing LM75 Temperature Sensor with Arduino - Electropeak
• 5 Ways Big Data Is Revolutionizing the Agricultural Sector -
RTInsights
• How Does a Soil Sensor Work? Applications in 2022 - The Star
Sensors
• Temperature Sensing System Design - EE Times
• IoT-Equipped and AI-Enabled Next Generation Smart Agriculture:
A Critical Review, Current Challenges and Future Trends | Request
PDF (researchgate.net)

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JSPM’s Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering , Pune