SOLID WASTE MANAGMENT

Solid Waste Management

– Classification of Solid Waste
– Composition and Characteristics of Solid Waste
– Waste Management Approach
– Overview on Solid Waste Management
– Sanitary Landfill
– Hazardous Waste Management
 SOLID WASTE
• Solid waste is defined as discarded solid
fraction produced from domestic, commercial,
trade, industrial, agricultural, institutional,
mining activities and public services. The waste
is a term that means useless, unwanted or
discarded material.
Gaur, R. (2008). Basic Environmental
Engineering. New Delhi: New Age International
Ltd.
• Billions of tone of solid waste are generated
which is in need of proper treatments.
• Improper solid waste management has direct
adverse effects on human health and the
environment
 Classification of Solid Waste
(American Public Works Association)
• Garbage • Industrial refuse
• Rubbish • Special waste (hospital
• Ashes waste)
• Street • Bulky waste
• Sweepings • Animal and agricultural
• Dead animals waste
• Abandoned vehicles • Sludge (Sewage
treatment solid waste)
• Construction/demolition
waste
Which would produce more waste URBAN or
RURAL areas?
URBAN RURAL
Employment • More • Less
Industries • More • Less
Population • More • Less
density
 SOLID WASTES

Unwanted materials that are no longer of value

to its owners.

Generated from various human and animal

activities
 Solid Waste Management

Efficient manner of dealing with the

solid waste problem
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(1) DOMESTIC/RESIDENTIAL WASTE:

• Originated from singles or multifamily
household units
• Generated from household activities
• What are the possible solid waste:
– Ashes from cooking
– Dust from cleaning
– Old clothes, books, toys etc.
– Empty containers of food, beverages, etc.
– Broken furniture
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(3) COMMERCIAL:
• Waste originating from offices, wholesale and
retail market, restaurants, hotels, warehouse
and other commercial establishments
• What are the possible solid waste:
– Restaurants
Excess food
– Retail market
Packaging material of good
– Offices
Paper waste
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(4) INSTITUTIONAL WASTE:

• Originated from institutions such as schools,
colleges, universities, hospitals and research
institutes
• What are the possible solid waste:
– Hazardous waste - hospitals
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(5) GARBAGE:
• Animal and vegetable wastes generated from
the handling, storage, sale, preparation,
cooking, serving of food
• Waste that contains easily biodegraded with
bad smell organic matter that attract rats,
flies, mosquito and other vermin
• NEED IMMEDIATE ATTENTION
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(6) RUBBISH:
• Solid wastes originating in households
commercial establishments and institutions
excluding garbage and ashes
(7) ASHES
• Residue from the burning of wood, coal,
charcoal, coke and other combustible matter
for cooking and heating
• Consist of fine powdery residue, cinders and
clinkers often mixed with small pieces of metal
and glass
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(8) BULKY:
• Large household waste that cannot be
accommodated in the normal storage
containers of the household
(9) STREET SWEEPINGS
• Waste collected from streets, walkways, parks
etc.
• Includes mainly dust, dirt, plastic bags, plastic
utensils, useless paper, cardboard, rags, tires,
vegetable matter.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(10) DEAD ANIMALS:

• Dead animals that die naturally or by
accidents on roads
• Does not include from slaughter house which
are regarded as industrial waste
(11) CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE:
• Generated by the resides of construction,
refurbishment, repair and demolition of
houses, commercial building and other
structure
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(12) INDUSTRIAL WASTE:

• Generated from manufacturing processes and
industrial operations
(13) HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Waste of industrial, institutional or consumer
origin that, because of their physical, chemical
or biological characteristics are potentially
dangerous to human beings and the
environment
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID WASTE

(12) SEWAGE WASTE:

• Solid by-products of sewage treatments
• Mostly organic and produced from the
treatment of organic sludge from booth the
raw and untreated sewage
 ACTIVITY
Make a table of the different sources of solid
waste as classified in the previous slides,
provide examples and propose possible
control methods or solid waste management.
Follow the format shown in the next slide.
 Source of Solid Waste Examples Proposed Solid waste
management
Domestic
Municipal
Commercial
Institutional
Garbage
Rubbish
Ashes
Bulky waste
Street sweeping
Dead animals
Construction and
demolition
Industrial
Hazardous
Sewage
 Characteristics of Solid Waste
PHYSICAL
• Density
• Amount of solid waste being produces
• Kg/m3
• Important in designing solid waste
management like storage, transport and
disposal
 Characteristics of Solid Waste

PHYSICAL
• Moisture content
• Expressed as the weight of moisture per
unit weight of wet material
• Moisture content of solid waste would
depend on the climate conditions
• Increase in weight due to moisture will
increase the cost of transportation and
storage
 Characteristics of Solid Waste

PHYSICAL
• Calorific Value
• Amount of heat generated from
combustion of unit weight of substance,
expressed as kilo calorie per kilogram
• Energy can be recovered from combustible
solid waste material by incineration
 Characteristics of Solid Waste

• Chemical
• Determined by assessing the treatment
process
• Chemical characteristics being determined
– Chemical
• pH, N, P, K, Nitrogen/carbon ratio, calorific value
– Bio-chemical
• Carbohydrates, proteins, natural fiber and
biodegradable factor
– Toxicology
• Heavy metals, pesticides, insecticides
 Review
• Describe the following classification of solid
waste and provide at least 2 example.
– domestic solid waste
– commercial solid waste
– bulky solid waste
– Dead animals
– Garbage
– Rubbish
– Municipal solid waste
SOLID WASTE SYSTEM
 Where should your trash end up?
• Discuss by group what happens to municipal
solid waste
• List possible processes solid waste may go
through and briefly describe each process.
• You only have 10 minutes.
 MUNICIPAL WASTE

• Waste resulting from municipal activities and

services
• What are the possible solid waste:
– Sweepings
– Dead animals
– Market waste
– Abandoned vehicles
• Incorporated domestic, institutional and
commercial waste
• Storage, Collection and Transportation
• Recycling
• Composting
• Incineration
• Landfill
 Storage, Collection and Transportation

• 40 – 80 % of the total cost of a waste system

• Residential Waste
– Waste are usually segregated into different waste
types
– Collected by different trucks depending on type of
waste
• Commercial and Institutional Waste
– Generally produces more waste
Kerb side collection
Drop-off stations for recyclable
 Automated Vacuum
Collection (AVAC) System
 Recycling
• Converts waste into new products
• Reduces consumption of fresh raw materials
• Recyclable material:
– plastic, glass, paper, textile and electronics
• Can be done by either machines or humans
• Magnets are used to segregate/collect metals
 Recycling plastic
International code for plastics
• 1: PET (Polyethylene • 4: LDPE (Low-density
terephthalate) polyethylene)
– soft drink and water – shopping bag and
bottles squeeze bottles
• 2: HDPE (High-density • 5: PP (Polypropylene)
polyethylene) – Syrup bottles and straw
– milk bottles • 6: PS
• 3: PVC (polyvinylidene – Compact disc cases
chloride) • 7: all other plastics
– Shampoo bottles
 Recycling Paper
• Paper with longer fiber and less contaminated
have higher value
• Office paper are of higher value than glossy
magazine
 Composting
• Microbial process used to treat biodegradable
waste
• Purpose of composting
1. Reduce waste mass
2. Reduce pollution potential
3. Destroy pathogens
4. Produce nutrients for gardens, landscaping and
agriculture
• Suitable for garden waste, food waste, paperboards
 Requirements for composting
• Nitrogen – needed by microorganisms for
growth and reproduction
• Carbon – produce heat by microbial oxidation
• Oxygen – needed for the oxidation of carbon
• Water – maintain activity without causing
aerobic conditions
 Decomposition of organic matter
Aerobic Anaerobic
• micro-organisms oxidize the • Anaerobic bacteria, while
organic compounds to metabolizing the nutrients,
carbon dioxide, nitrite and break down the organic
nitrates compounds through a
• Exothermic reaction – process of reduction.
temperature increases • Produces CH4 and CO2 (bio-
• Nitrates are used by the gas)
plants
 Incineration
• Process to liberate energy in waste by
combustion
• Suitable for waste with high energy content,
low ash content, low moisture content
• Includes:
– Paper, plastic, textiles, rubber, leather and wood
 Disadvantages of incineration
• Produces hazardous gases that pollute the
environment
• Gases produced by burning plastic, rubber and
other materials that produce harmful gasses

Advantages of incineration
• Reduces the solid mass of the original waste
by 80-85%
• Requirement for landfill is significantly
reduced
 Landfill
• Site for the disposal of solid waste
• Oldest form of waste treatment
• Most common method for waste disposal
 TWO FOLD APPROACH
• Minimization of waste at the source
• Control of environmental pollution during
storage, conveyance and disposal
 ASSIGNMENT
• Make a flow chart of Malaybalay City’s solid
waste management