UNIT - |||

10 Classification of solid wastes; toxic and biochemical effects of

solid wastes (heavy metal, bio- medical and radioactive
wastes), sources and generation.
11 Management of solid wastes: collection segregation,
disposal).
12 Basic principle of green chemistry with examples, matrices to
explain greenness, R4M4 model.
13-15 |PPT Presentation by the students
L10
Classification of solid wastes, toxic and biochemical effects of solid wastes
(heavy metal, bio- medicaland radioactive wastes),sources and generation.
What is solid waste?

"solid waste" means any garbage or refuse, sludgeret

wastewater treatment plant, or air pollution control facility
and other discarded material,

Source: Industry, commercial, mining, and agricultural

operations, and from community activities. Nearly everything
we doleaves behind some kind of waste.

" It is importantto note that the definition of solid waste is not

limited to wastes that are physically solid. Many solid
wastes are liquid, semi-solid, orcontained gaseousmaterial.
What is solid waste?

"solid waste" means any garbage or refuse, sludge ronn e

wastewater treatment plant, or air pollutioncontrol facility
and other discarded material,

Source: Industry, commercial, mining, and agricultural

operations, and from community activities. Nearly everything
we do leaves behind some kind of waste.

" It is important to note that the definition ofsolid waste is not

limitedto wastes that are physically solid, Many solid
wastes are liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material
 Sources of solid waste in urban areas
1. Residential sources: from houscholds and residential areas. These are the major sources
of solid waste in almost allcities and towns.
2. Commercial sources: from businesses such as food and drink establishments, shops,
banks, etc.
3. Institutional sources: from public and government institutions e.g. offices, religious
institutions, prisons, schools, universities, etc.
4. Open areas: waste from street sweepings, road side dustbins, ditehes and other public
places.
5. Industrial sources: from various types of industrial processes.
, 6. Health facilities: from hospitals and other health facilities.
7. Construction and demolition: from various types of construction and demolition activities
inurban areas such as the construction of apartments, the demolition of urban slums, otc.
8. Agricultural sources: from farming-agricultural residue in rural areas.
9. Electronic and electrical waste (e-wastes): Waste clectronicdevices (computers, phons.
radios, etc.)and houschold appliances (cookers, washing machines, etc.).
 Sources of solid waste in urban areas
1. Residential sources: from households and residential areas. These are the major sources
of solid waste in almost all cities and towns.
2. Commercial sources: from businesses such as food and drink establishments, shops,
banks, etc.
3. Institutional sources: from publicand govermment institutions c.g. offices, religious
institutions, prisons, schools, universities, ctc.
4. Open arcas: waste from street sweepings, road side dustbins, ditches and other public
places.
5. Industrial sources: from various types of industrial processes.
6. Health facilities: from hospitals and other health facilitics.
7. Construction and demnolition: from various types of construction and demolition activities
in urban areas such as the construction of apartments, the demolition of urban slums, otc.
8. Agricultural sources: from farming- agricultural residue in rural areas.
9. Electronic and electrical waste(e-wastes): Waste clectronic devices (computers, phon
radios, etc.)and householdappliances (cookers, washing machines, etc.).
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTES
Corrosive: these are wastesthat include acids or basesthatare capable
of corroding the metal containers, e.g. tanks.

Ignitability: this is waste that can create fires under certain condition,
e.g. waste oils and solvents.

Reactive: these are unstable in nature, they cause explosions, toxic

fumes when heated.

Toxicity: Wastewhich are harmfulor fatal when ingested or absorb

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTES
Corrosive: these are wastes that include acids or bases that are capable
of corrodingthe metal containers, e.g. tanks.

Ignitability: this is waste that can create fires under certaincondition,

e.g. waste oils and solvents.

Reactive: these are unstable in nature,they cause explosions, toxic

fumes when heated.

Toxicity: Waste which are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorb

Type of waste ()
>Non Hazardous waste: refuse, garbage,
sludge, municipal trash.
> Hazardous waste: solvents acid, heavy
metals, pesticides, and chemical sludges
Radioactive: high and low-level radioactive
waste
Mixed waste: Radioactive organic liquids,
radio active heavy metals.
Type of waste (different ways)
Biodegradable solid wastes: Thosecan be broken down (decomposed)
into their constituent elements by bacteria and other micro-organisms.
Ex. Food waste, manures and waste from crops.
- If decomposition process takes place in anaerobically (Methane gas
can form: Greenhouse gas, and can explode (If enough accumulates in
contact with ignition).
Decomposition produce offensive and irritating smells.
However, controlled anaerobic decomposition can produce biogas: Useful fuel for heating,
cooking and even power generation.
Waste decomposes aerobically under controlled conditions: Produce
compost, which improve the soils quality.
" Non-biodegradable (or inorganic) solid wastes:Those do not
decompose by microbial action (e.g. plastic containers, scrap metal, fo
drink cans, plastic bags etc.)
 Types of solld
Descriptlon Sources
waste

Type of waste and sources Food waste

(garbago)
Wastes rom the preparation, cooking & Households, institutions, &
serving of food. market reuso, waste from commercials such as
the handling storage, &sale of meat & hotels, stores, reslaurants,
vegetables markets otc.
Rubbish Combustble (primary organic). paper,
cardboard, cartons, wood, boxes, plastics,
rags, cloth, bedding. leather, rubber,
grass, yard trimmings.
Noncombustible(inorganic) metals, tn
cans, metal foils, dirt., stones,bricks,
ceramics, crockery. glass bottles, other
mineral rouso.
Ashes & Residuo from fires Used for cooking &for
residues hoating buildings, cinders, clinkers, and
thermal pOwer plants
Bulky wastes Large auto parts, tyres, stoves,
refrigerators, other large appliancos,
furniture, large crates, trees, branches,
palm fronts, stumps, loatage.
Street waste Stroet sweepings, dirt, leaves, catch basin Streots, sido walks, aleys,
dirt,animal droppings, contents of litter vacant lots etc.
receptacles, dead animals.
Dead animals Small animals: cats,dogs, poultry. etc.
large animals: horses, cows etc.
Construction & Lumber, roofing &sheathing scraps, crop Construcion &demolision
demolition
waste
residues, broken concrete, rubble. plaster,. sites, remodeling.
conduit, pipe, wire,insulation etc. repairingsites
Industrial Solid waste resulting from industry Factonies, power plants,
waste & processes &manufacturing operations, treatment plants, etc.
sludg such as food processing wastes, boiler
house cinders, wood, plastic &metal
Scraps &shaving etc. effluent treatment
plant sludge of industries &sewage
treatment plant sludges, coarse
screening. grit &septic tank.
Hazardous Hazardous wastes, pathological wastes, Households, hospitals,
wastes explosives, radioactive materials, toxic institutions, stores,
wastes etc. industry etc
 Types of solld Descrtptlon Sources
waste
Food waste Wastes from the preparation,cooking & Househods, institutions, &
(garbage) servingof food. market reuse, waste from commercials such as
the handling slorage, &sale of meat & hotels, stores, restaurants,
vegetables markets etc.

Rubbish Combustble (primary organic), paper,

cardboard, cartons, wood, boxos, plastics,
rags,cdoth, bedding, leather, rubber,
grass, yard trimmings.
Noncombustiblo(inorganic) metals, tin
cans, metal foils,dir, stones, bricks,
ceranics, crockery.glass bottes, other
mineral reuso.
Ashes & Residue fromfires used for cooking &for
residues heating buildings, cindors,clinkers, and
thermal pOwer plants.
Bulky wastes Large auto parts, tyres, sloves,
refrigerators, other large appliances,
funiture, large crates, trees, branches,
palm fronts, stumps, floatage.
Street waste Street sweepings, dirt,leaves, catch basin Streets, side walks, aleys,
dirt, animaldroppings, contents of litter vacant lots etc.
receptacles, dead animals.
Dead animals Smallanimals: cats, dogs, poultry, etc.
large animals: horses, cows etc.
Construction & Lumber, roofing &sheathing scraps, crop Construction &demolision
demoltion residues, broken concrete, rubble, plaster. sites, remodeling.
waste conduit, pipe, wire, insulation etc. repairing sites
Industrial Solid waste resutting from industry Factories, power plants,
waste & processes& manulacturing operations, treatment plants, etc.
sludg such as food processing wastes, boiler
house cinders, wood, plastic &metal
Scraps &shaving etc. effuent treatment
plant sludgeof industies & sewage
treatment plant sludges, coarse
Screening. git &septic tank.
Hazardous Hazardous wastes, pathological wastes, Households, hospitals,
wastes explosives, radioactive materials, toxoc institutions, stores,
wastes etc. industry etc.
Classification of solid waste