Javascript

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 what can you do with JavaScript?
 Validate form fields
 Dynamically alter the appearance of a page element
 Hide and show elements
 Move elements about the page
 Capture user events and adjust the page accordingly
 Interface with a server-side application without leaving the page
 Set and retrieve web cookies

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 "Hello World!"
 Javascript is easy
 Script tags are added to the head/body element in the document
<script type="text/javascript">
...some JavaScript
</script>

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 JavaScript Code Location
 Place the JavaScript in the body
 when the JavaScript dynamically creates web
page content as the page is being loaded.
 Place the JavaScript in the head tag
 When the JavaScript defined in functions and
used for page events, as this is loaded before the
body.

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Eg

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 JavaScript Files
 To include a JavaScript library or script file in your web
page, use this syntax:
<script type="text/javascript" src="somejavascript.js"></script>
 The script element contains no content, but the closing
tag is still required
 A script file is treated as if the code is actually included in
the page; the behavior is the same between script files and
embedded JavaScript blocks.

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JavaScript Data Types and
Variables

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 Data Types
 JavaScript is forgiving
 If you start out with a string => then want to use
it as a number, that's perfectly fine with the
language.
 Context is everything when it comes to JavaScript data
typing/ variable.
 Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are
case-sensitive.
 There are just three simple data types:
 string,
 numeric, and
 Boolean.

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 String Data Type
 A string literal is a sequence of characters delimited by
single or double quotes:
"This is a string"
'But this is also a string'
var string_value = "This is the first line\nThis is the
second line";
 to include a quote within the quoted string,
 Use a single and double quotes can be used
interchangeably
var string_value = "This is a 'string' with a quote."
or:
var string_value = 'This is a "string" with a quote.'
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 Number Data Type
 Numbers in JavaScript are floating-point numbers,
 All of the following are valid floating-point numbers:
0.3555 , 144.006 , -2.3 , 19.5e-2 (which is equivalent to 19.5-2)

 octal and hexadecimal notation can be used

 A hexadecimal number begins with a zero,
followed by an x:
0xCCFF

 Octal values begin with zeros, and there is no

leading x:
0526

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 Null and Undefined
 Not declared
 alert(sValue); // results in JavaScript error
because sValue is not declared first
 A null variable is one that has been defined, but hasn't been
assigned a value.
 var sValue;
 alert(sValue); // no error, and a window with
the word 'undefined' is opened
 If the variable has been declared but not initialized, it is
considered undefined

Constants
 const CURRENT_MONTH = 3.5;
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 Changing data types
parseInt and
Function toString toBoolean
parseFloat

Undefined "undefined" false NaN

Null “null” false 0

1 if true ;
Boolean “true” / “false” Value of value
otherwise 0
false if 0 or NaN;
Number String number Straight value
otherwise, TRue
false if string
String No conversion is empty; Number portion
otherwise, true
A string Numeric
representation representation of
Object of the default TRue the default
representation representation of
of the object the object 12
Operators and Statements

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 Simple Statements
 Assignment
 NValue = 35.00;
 nValue = nValue + 35.00;
 nValue = someFunction( );//function call
 var firstName = lastName = middleName =
""; //more than one assignment is
possible
 Arithmetic Statements
Concatenation ( “+” used with string)
var newString = "This is an old " + oldString;
Multiplication ( “*” used with numbers)
var newValue = 3.5 * 2.0; // result is 7
var newValue = 3.5 * "2.0"; // result is still 7
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var newValue = "3.5" * "2.0"; // still 7
 Cont'd . . . Simple Statements
 Since + is used as a concatenation with string.
var newValue = 3.5 + "2.0"; // result is 3.52.0
 Better way to use is by explicitly converting the value
var aVar = 3.5 + parseFloat("2.3 the sum is ");
document.write(aVar); // result is 5.8
The Unary Operators
++ Increments a value
-- Decrements a value
- Represents a negative value

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 Conditional Statements and Program Flow

 if
 if...else
 Switch

 Ternary Operator
condition ? value if true; value if false;
 Logical Operators
 AND (&&) , OR (||) , NOT(!)

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 The Loops
 While
 do...while
 For ( two types )
 First type
For (initial value; condition; update) {
… }
 second type of the for loop is a for...in loop
 which accesses each element of the array
as a separate item. The syntax for this
handy statement is:
for (variable in object) {
...
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}
 Eg for in loop
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var x;
var mycars = new Array();
mycars[0] = "Saab";
mycars[1] = "Volvo";
mycars[2] = "BMW";

for (x in mycars)
{
document.write(mycars[x] + "<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html
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 JavaScript Popup Boxes
 three kinds of popup boxes: Alert box, Confirm box, and Prompt
box.
 Alert Box
 Used if you want to make sure information
comes through to the user.
 alert("sometext");
 Confirm Box
 used if you want the user to verify or
accept something.
 confirm("sometext");
 Prompt Box
 used if you want the user to input a value
before entering a page.
 prompt("sometext","defaultvalue");
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 Eg Alert box
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function disp_alert() {
alert("I am an alert box!!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<input type="button"
onclick="disp_alert()"
value="Display alert box" />

</body>
</html>
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 Eg Confirm Box
html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function disp_confirm() {
var r=confirm("Press a button");
if (r==true) {
document.write("You pressed OK!");
}
Else {
document.write("You pressed Cancel!");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="disp_confirm()"
value="Display a confirm box" />
</body>
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</html>
 Eg prompt box
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function disp_prompt()
{
var name=prompt("Please enter your
name","Harry Potter");
if (name!=null && name!="") {
document.write("Hello " + name + "! How are you today?");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<input type="button" onclick="disp_prompt()"

value="Display a prompt box" />

</body>
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</html>
The JavaScript Objects

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 Objects from four different domains
 Those built into JavaScript
 are those that are built into JavaScript as
language-specific components
 Eg: data types Numbers, Strings, Boolaean
 special-purpose objects, such as Math, Date,
and RegExp.
 built-in aggregator object, Array

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 An object
 An object has properties and methods .
 Properties
 values associated with an object.
var txt="Hello World!";
document.write(txt.length); // result 12
 methods
 actions that can be performed on objects
var str="Hello world!";
document.write(str.toUpperCase()); //result HELLO
WORLD!

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 The Number Object
 The object also has four constant numeric properties, directly
accessible from the Number object.
 MAX_VALUE - Returns the largest possible value in JavaScript
 MIN_VALUE - Returns the smallest possible value in JavaScript
 NEGATIVE_INFINITY -Represents a value that is less than
MIN_VALUE 4
 POSITIVE_INFINITY -Represents a value that is greater than
MAX_VALUE
 The Number object's unique methods
 ToExponential() - Converts the value of the object into an exponential
notation
 ToFixed() - Formats a number to the specified number of decimals
 ToPrecision() - Converts a number into a number with a specified number
of digits
 ToString() - Converts the Number object into a string
 ValueOf() - Returns the value of the Number object
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Eg

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 The String Object
 is used to manipulate a stored piece of text.
Created by:
var sObject = new String("Sample string"); // OR
var sObject = "Sample string";
Eg Methods: the concat method
var sObj = new String( );
var sTxt = sObj.concat("This is a ", "new string");
Result:
This is a new string
The indexOf() method
 Used to return the position of the first occurrence of a specified
string value in a string.
var str="Hello world!";
document.write(str.indexOf("Hello") + "<br />"); Result:
document.write(str.indexOf("World") + "<br />"); 0
document.write(str.indexOf("world")); -1 none
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 String Object methods
Eg match(): similar to indexOf() and lastIndexOf(), but it
returns the specified value, instead of the position of the
string.
var str="Hello world!"; Result:
document.write(str.match("world") + "<br />"); world
document.write(str.match("World") + "<br />"); null
document.write(str.match("worlld") + "<br />"); null
document.write(str.match("world!")); world!

replace()-to replace some characters with some other characters in a

string.
eg.

var str="Visit Microsoft!";

document.write(str.replace(/Microsoft/,"Sun"));

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Result:
Visit Sun!
 Cont'd ... String Object methods
Method Description
 anchor() Creates an HTML anchor
 big() Displays a string in a big font
 blink() Displays a blinking string
 bold() Displays a string in bold
 charAt() Returns the character at a specified position
 charCodeAt() Returns the Unicode of the character at a specified
position
 concat() Joins two or more strings
 fixed() Displays a string as teletype text
 fontcolor() Displays a string in a specified color
 fontsize() Displays a string in a specified size
 fromCharCode() Takes the specified Unicode values and returns a
string
 indexOf() Returns the position of the first occurrence of a specified
string value in a string
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 Cont'd ... String Object methods
 italics() Displays a string in italic
 lastIndexOf() Returns the position of the last occurrence of a
specified string value, searching backwards from the specified position in
a string
 link() Displays a string as a hyperlink
 match() Searches for a specified value in a string
 replace() Replaces some characters with some other characters in a
string
 search() Searches a string for a specified value
 slice() Extracts a part of a string and returns the extracted part in a new
string
 small() Displays a string in a small font
 split() Splits a string into an array of strings
 strike() Displays a string with a strikethrough
 sub() Displays a string as subscript
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 Cont'd ... String Object methods
 substr() Extracts a specified number of characters in a string, from
a start index
 substring() Extracts the characters in a string between two specified
indices
 sup() Displays a string as superscript
 toLowerCase() Displays a string in lowercase letters
 toUpperCase() Displays a string in uppercase letters
 toSource() Represents the source code of an object
 valueOf() Returns the primitive value of a String object

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 Eg styling text
var txt="Hello World!";
document.write("<p>Big: " + txt.big() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Small: " + txt.small() + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Bold: " + txt.bold() + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Italic: " + txt.italics() + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Blink: " + txt.blink() + " (does not

work in IE)</p>");
document.write("<p>Fixed: " + txt.fixed() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Strike: " + txt.strike() + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Fontcolor: " + txt.fontcolor("Red") + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Fontsize: " + txt.fontsize(16) + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Lowercase: " + txt.toLowerCase() + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Uppercase: " + txt.toUpperCase() + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Subscript: " + txt.sub() + "</p>");

document.write("<p>Superscript: " + txt.sup() + "</p>"); 33

document.write("<p>Link: " + txt.link("../default.htm") + "</p>");

 String methods
 charAt and charCodeAt methods return the character
and the Unicode character code respectively.
 The index values begin at zero;
var sObj = new String("This is a test string");
var sTxt = sObj.charAt(3);
var sTxt2= sObj.charCodeAt(3);
document.writeln(sTxt);
document.writeln(sTxt2);

Output: s 115

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 Cont'd . . . String methods
 The substr and substring methods, as well as slice, return a
substring given a starting location and length of string:
 The start index starts at 0.
 stringObject.substring(start,stop)
var sTxt = "This is a test string";
var ssTxt = sTxt.substr(0,6);
Var sssTxt = sTxt.substring(0,9)
document.writeln(ssTxt);
document.writeln(sssTxt);

 Output: This i This is a 35

 Cont'd . . . String methods
 Split
 has two parameters
 stringObject.split(separator, howmany)
 The first is the character that marks each break;
 the second is the number of splits to perform.
var str="How are you doing today?";

document.write(str.split(" ") + "<br />");

document.write(str.split("") + "<br />");
document.write(str.split(" ",3));

Result:
How,are,you,doing,today?
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H,o,w, ,a,r,e, ,y,o,u, ,d,o,i,n,g, ,t,o,d,a,y,?
How,are,you
 eg
var inputString =
'firstName=Shelley,lastName=Powers,state=Missour
i,statement="This is a test of split"';
var arrayTokens = inputString.split(',',4);
for (var i in arrayTokens) {
document.writeln(arrayTokens[i] + "<br />");
var newTokens = arrayTokens[i].split('=');
document.writeln(newTokens[1] + "<br />");
}
Result :
firstName=Shelley
Shelley
lastName=Powers
Powers
state=Missouri
Missouri
statement="This is a test of split"
"This is a test of split" 37
 Date objects
 The Date
 create a date and then access any aspect of it
year, day, second, and so on.
var dtNow = new Date( );
document.writeln(dtNow);
Output:
Thu Apr 2 2009 12:08:38 GMT+0300
 to create a specific date (use proper format!)
var nowDt = new Date("March 12, 1984 12:20:25");
var newDt = new Date(1977,12,23);
var newDt = new Date(1977,11,24,19,30,30,30);
 in order of year, month (as 0 to 11), day, hour, minutes,
seconds, and milliseconds. 38
 Date Objects
 The Date object methods get and set specific components
of the date
 getFullYear
 getHours
 getMilliseconds
 getMinutes
 getMonth
 getSeconds
 GetYear
eg.
var dtNow = new Date( );
alert(dtNow.getDay( )); // if run on friday result:5

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 Compare Two Dates

var myDate=new Date();

myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14);

var today = new Date();

if (myDate>today) {
document.write("Today is before 14th January 2010");
}
Else {
document.write("Today is after 14th January 2010");
}

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 An array to write a weekday
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d=new Date();
var weekday=new Array(7);
weekday[0]="Sunday";
weekday[1]="Monday"; Result: Today it is Friday
weekday[2]="Tuesday";
weekday[3]="Wednesday";
weekday[4]="Thursday";
weekday[5]="Friday";
weekday[6]="Saturday";
document.write("Today it is " + weekday[d.getDay()]);

</script>
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</body>
</html>
 Math objects
 allows you to perform mathematical tasks

Math's properties and methods are static (can not create new
instance)
var newValue = Math.SQRT1;

Math's properties
 To access use Math.property

E - Value of e, the base of the natural logarithms

LN10 - The natural logarithm of 10

LN2 - The natural logarithm of 2

LOG2E - The approximate reciprocal of LN2the base-2
logarithm of e

LOG10E - The approximate reciprocal of LN10the
base-10 logarithm of e

PI - The value of PI

SQRT1_2 - The square root of 1/2 42

SQRT2 - The square root of 2
 Cont'd . . . Math objects
 The Math Methods
Math.abs( ) - Computes an absolute value.
Math.ceil( ) - Rounds a number up. eg.
Math.cos( )- Computes a cosine. var nVal = -3.45;
Math.exp( ) - Computes a power of e. var pVal = Math.abs(nVal);
Math.floor( ) - Rounds a number down.
Math.log( ) - document.write(Math.round(4.7));
Computes a natural logarithm.
Output: 5
Math.max( ) - Returns the larger of two numbers.
Math.min( ) - Returns the smaller of two numbers.
Math.pow( ) - Computes x^y
Math.random( ) - Computes a random number.
Math.round( ) - Rounds to the nearest integer.
Math.sin( ) - Computes a sine.
Math.sqrt( ) - Computes a square root.
Math.tan( ) - Computes a tangent

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eg.

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 JavaScript Arrays
Constructing Arrays
 with a constructor
var newArray = new Array('one','two');
 As a literal value
var newArray = ['one','two'];
 Multi-dimensional array
var threedPoints = new Array( );
threedPoints[0] = new Array(1.2,3.33,2.0);
threedPoints[1] = new Array(5.3,5.5,5.5);
threedPoints[2] = new Array(6.4,2.2,1.9);

document.writeln(threedPoints[0][1]);
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Output : 3.33
 Array properties
 length – the length of an array
var testArray = new Array( );
testArray[99] = 'some value'; //set size 100
alert(testArray.length);
Output: 100
 Splice - returns selected elements from an existing array.
var fruitArray = new
Array('apple','peach','orange','lemon','lime','cherry'
);
var removed = fruitArray.splice(2,2,'melon,banana');
document.writeln(removed + "<br />");
document.writeln(fruitArray);
Output:
orange,lemon 46

apple,peach,melon,banana,lime,cherry
 Array
 Concat - concatenates one array onto the end of the other:
var arr = new Array(3);
arr[0] = "Jani";
arr[1] = "Tove";
arr[2] = "Hege"; Output:
Jani,Tove,Hege,John,Andy,Wend
var arr2 = new Array(3); y

arr2[0] = "John";
arr2[1] = "Andy";
arr2[2] = "Wendy";

document.write(arr.concat(arr2));

 Neither concat nor slice alter the original array. Instead,

they return an array containing the results of the 47
operation.
 Cont'd . . . Array properties
Use of for . . . in

var programLanguages = new Array ('C++','Pascal',

'FORTRAN','BASIC','C#','Java','Perl','JavaScript');

for (var itemIndex in programLanguages){

document.writeln(programLanguages[itemIndex] + "<br />");
}

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 Literal array - sort()
var arr = new Array(6);
arr[0] = "Jani";
arr[1] = "Hege";
arr[2] = "Stale";
arr[3] = "Kai Jim";
arr[4] = "Borge";
arr[5] = "Tove";

document.write(arr + "<br />");

document.write(arr.sort());

Output:

Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge,Tove
Borge,Hege,Jani,Kai Jim,Stale,Tove
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 Associative Arrays
 doesn't have a numeric index
 Object is normally used
var assocArray = new Object( );
assocArray["one"] = "Show one";
assocArray["two"] = "Show two";
document.writeln(assocArray["two"]<br />);
document.writeln(assocArray.one);//accessed as object
Output:
Show two
Show one 50
JavaScript Applications

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Browser Detection by Navigator object
 JavaScript includes an object called the Navigator object
which contains information about the visitor's browser
name, browser version, and more.
 appName Returns the name of the browser
 appVersion Returns the platform and version of the browser
 browserLanguage Returns the current browser language
 cookieEnabled Returns a Boolean value that specifies whether
cookies are enabled in the browser
 platform Returns the operating system platform
 systemLanguage Returns the default language used by the OS

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 Browser Detection

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var browser=navigator.appName;
var b_version=navigator.appVersion;
var version=parseFloat(b_version);

document.write("Browser name: "+ browser);

document.write("<br />");
document.write("Browser version: "+ version);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output on IE7: Output on Firefox 3: 53

Browser name: Microsoft Internet Explorer Browser name: Netscape
Browser version: 4 Browser version: 5
 JavaScript Form Validation
 JavaScript can be used to validate input data in HTML forms
before sending off the content to a server.
 Form data that typically are checked by a JavaScript could be:
 has the user left required fields empty?
 has the user entered a valid e-mail address?
 has the user entered a valid date?
 has the user entered text in a numeric field?

54
 Eg form Validation
<body>
<html> <form action="submitpage.htm"
<head> onsubmit="return
<script type="text/javascript"> validate_form(this)"
function validate_required(field,alerttxt) method="post">
{ Email: <input type="text"
with (field) { name="email" size="30">
if (value==null||value=="") <input type="submit"
{alert(alerttxt); return false;} value="Submit">
else {return true} </form>
} </body>
}
</html>
function validate_form(thisform) {
with (thisform) {
if (validate_required(email,"Email must be filled
out!")==false)
{email.focus();return false;}
}
}
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</script>
</head>
<html>
<head>
<script language = "Javascript">
Email Validation
function echeck(str) {

var at="@"
var dot="."
var lat=str.indexOf(at)
var lstr=str.length
var ldot=str.indexOf(dot)
if (str.indexOf(at)==-1){
alert("Invalid E-mail ID")
return false }

if (str.indexOf(at)==-1 || str.indexOf(at)==0 || str.indexOf(at)==lstr){

alert("Invalid E-mail ID")
return false }

if (str.indexOf(dot)==-1 || str.indexOf(dot)==0 || str.indexOf(dot)==lstr){

alert("Invalid E-mail ID")
return false }

if (str.indexOf(at,(lat+1))!=-1){
alert("Invalid E-mail ID")
return false }

if (str.substring(lat-1,lat)==dot || str.substring(lat+1,lat+2)==dot){
alert("Invalid E-mail ID")
return false
}

if (str.indexOf(dot,(lat+2))==-1){
alert("Invalid E-mail ID")
return false }

if (str.indexOf(" ")!=-1){
alert("Invalid E-mail ID") 56
return false }

return true
}
 Email validation
function ValidateForm(){
var emailID=document.frmSample.txtEmail

if ((emailID.value==null)||(emailID.value=="")){
alert("Please Enter your Email ID")
emailID.focus()
return false
}
if (echeck(emailID.value)==false){
emailID.value=""
emailID.focus()
return false
}
return true
}
</script>
</head>

<body>

<form name="frmSample" method="post" action="#" onSubmit="return

ValidateForm()">
<p>Enter an Email Address :
<input type="text" name="txtEmail">
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="Submit">
</p> 57
</form>
</body>

</html>
<html> JavaScript Animation
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function mouseOver()
{
document.b1.src ="b_blue.gif";
}
function mouseOut()
{
document.b1.src ="b_pink.gif";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="_blank">
<img border="0" alt="Visit W3Schools!"
src="b_pink.gif" name="b1"
onmouseOver="mouseOver()"
onmouseOut="mouseOut()" />
</a> 58

</body>
</html>
DOM

59
 Document Object Model
The HTML Document Object Model (HTML DOM) defines a
standard way for accessing and manipulating HTML documents.

60
 What is the DOM?
The DOM is a W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) standard.
The DOM defines a standard for accessing documents like HTML
and XML:

"The W3C Document Object Model (DOM) is a platform and

language-neutral interface that allows programs and scripts to
dynamically access and update the content, structure, and
style of a document."

The DOM is separated into 3 different parts / levels:

Core DOM - standard model for any structured document

XML DOM - standard model for XML documents
HTML DOM - standard model for HTML documents

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 HTML DOM Nodes
In the DOM, everything in an HTML document is a node.
The DOM says:
The entire document is a document node
Every HTML tag is an element node
The text in the HTML elements are text nodes
Every HTML attribute is an attribute node
Comments are comment nodes
Eg
<html>
<head>
The root node in the HTML above is <html>.
<title>DOM Tutorial</title> All other nodes in the document are
</head> contained within <html>.
<body>
<h1>DOM Lesson one</h1> The <html> node has two child nodes;
<head> and <body>.
<p>Hello world!</p>
</body> The <head> node holds a <title> node.
</html> The <body> node holds a <h1> and <p>
node. 62
 HTML DOM Node Tree
The HTML DOM views a HTML document as a tree-structure.
The terms parent, child, and sibling are used to describe the
relationships.
In a node tree, the top node is called the root
Every node, except the root, has exactly one parent node
A node can have any number of children
A leaf is a node with no children
Siblings are nodes with the same parent
<html>
<head>
<title>DOM Tutorial</title> The <html> node has two child nodes;
</head> <head> and <body>
<body> The <head> node has one child node; the
<h1>DOM Lesson one</h1> <title> node
<p>Hello world!</p> The <title> node also has one child node;
</body> the text node "DOM Tutorial"
</html The <h1> and <p> nodes are siblings, and
both child nodes of <body> 63
 HTML DOM Properties and Methods
HTML DOM Properties
These are some typical DOM properties:
x.innerHTML - the inner text value of x (a HTML element)
x.nodeName - the name of x
x.nodeValue - the value of x
x.parentNode - the parent node of x
x.childNodes - the child nodes of x
x.attributes - the attributes nodes of x
HTML DOM Methods
x.getElementById(id) - get the element with a specified id
x.getElementsByTagName(name) - get all elements with a
specified tag name
x.appendChild(node) - insert a child node to x
x.removeChild(node) - remove a child node from x

Where: x is a node object (HTML element).

64
 innerHTML
is useful for returning or replacing the content of HTML elements
(including <html> and <body>)

<html>
<body>

<p id="intro">Hello World!</p>

<p id="main">This is an example for the HTML DOM
tutorial.</p>

<script type="text/javascript">
txt=document.getElementById("intro").innerHTML;
document.write("The text from the intro paragraph: " +
txt);
</script>

</body> Hello World!

</html> This is an example for the HTML DOM tutorial. 65
The text from the intro paragraph: Hello World!
 childNodes and nodeValue
is useful for returning or replacing the content of HTML elements
(including <html> and <body>)

<html> the current the first child of the <p>

the <p> element
<body> HTML document with the id "intro" element (the text node)

<p id="intro">Hello World!</p>

<p id="main">This is an example for the HTML DOM tutorial.</p>
value of the node
(the text itself)
<script type="text/javascript">
txt=document.getElementById("intro").childNodes[0].nodeValue;
document.write("The text from the intro paragraph: " + txt);
</script>

</body>
</html>
Hello World!

This is an example for the HTML DOM tutorial. 66

The text from the intro paragraph: Hello World!
 HTML DOM Access Nodes

You can access a node in three ways:

1) By using the getElementById() method

2) By using the getElementsByTagName() method
3) By navigating the node tree, using the node relationships.

67
 getElementsByTagName() Method
<html>
<body>

<p id="intro">Example</p>
<div id="main">
<p id="main1">The DOM is very useful</p>
<p id="main2">This example demonstrates how to use the
<b>getElementsByTagName</b> method</p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
x=document.getElementsByTagName("p");
document.write("First paragraph text: " + x[0].innerHTML);
</script>

</body> Example
</html>
The DOM is very useful

This example demonstrates how to use the getElementsByTagName method

First paragraph text: Example 68
 Navigating Node Relationships
The three properties follow the document structure and allow short-
distance travel in the document.
parentNode,
firstChild, and
lastChild
<html>
<body>
<p id="intro">Example</p>
<div id="main">
<p id="main1">The DOM is very useful</p>
<p id="main2">This example demonstrates how to use the <b>firstChild</b>
property</p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
x=document.getElementById("intro");
example
document.write("Text inside the
first paragraph: " + The DOM is very useful
x.firstChild.nodeValue);
</script> This example demonstrates how to use the firstChild pro
</body> Text inside the first paragraph: Example
</html> 69
 How to Change HTML Elements
HTML elements are changed using JavaScript, the HTML DOM
and events.
Eg. Change the Background Color
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.body.bgColor="yellow";
</script>
<p>The background color was changed by the
script.</p>
</body>
</html>

70
 Changing the Text HTML Element
The easiest way to get or modify the content of an element is by
using the innerHTML property
<html>
<body>
<p id="p1">Hello World!</p>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.getElementById("p1").innerHTML="New text!";
</script>
<p>The paragraph above was changed by the script.</p>
</body>
</html>

71
 Using function
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function ChangeText(){
document.getElementById("p1").innerHTML="New text!";
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p id="p1">Hello world!</p>
<input type="button" onclick="ChangeText()" value="Click me
to change text above">
</body>
</html>
72
 Using the Style Object
The Style object represents of each HTML element represents
its individual style.

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function ChangeText() {
document.getElementById("p1").style.color="blue";
document.getElementById("p1").style.fontFamily="Arial";
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p id="p1">Hello world!</p>
<input type="button" onclick="ChangeText()"
value="Click me to change text above">
</body>
73
</html>
 DOM Window Object
Method Description
alert() Displays an alert box with a message and an OK button
blur() Removes focus from the current window
open() Opens a new browser window
close() Closes the current window
createPopup() Creates a pop-up window
focus() Sets focus to the current window
moveBy() Moves a window relative to its current position
moveTo() Moves a window to the specified position
print() Prints the contents of the current window
resizeBy() Resizes a window by the specified pixels
resizeTo() Resizes a window to the specified width and height
scrollBy() Scrolls the content by the specified number of pixels
scrollTo() Scrolls the content to the specified coordinates

74
 Open & close
The open() method is used to open a new browser window.
Syntax
window.open(URL,name,specs,replace)
Name -Specifies the target attribute or the name of the window. The
following values are supported:
_blank - URL is loaded into a new window (default)
_parent - URL is loaded into the parent frame
_self - URL replaces the current page
_top - URL replaces any framesets that may be loaded
name - The name of the window
Specs - A comma-separated list of items.
height=pixels - The height of the window. Min. value is 100
width=pixels The width of the window. Min. value is 100
resizable=yes|no|1|0 Whether or not the window is resizable.
menubar=yes|no|1|0 Whether or not to display the menu bar.
scrollbars=yes|no|1|0 Whether or not to display scroll bars.
toolbar=yes|no|1|0 Whether or not to display the browser toolbar.
The close() method is used to close the current window.
Syntax
window.close()
75
 Open & close
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function closeWin()
{
myWindow.close()
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
myWindow=window.open('','','width=200,height=100')
myWindow.document.write("This is 'myWindow'")
</script>
<input type="button" value="Close 'myWindow'"
onclick="closeWin()" />

</body>
76
</html>
 createPopup()
The createPopup() method is used to create a pop-up window.
Syntax
window.createPopup()
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function show_popup()
{
var p=window.createPopup()
var pbody=p.document.body
pbody.style.backgroundColor="lime"
pbody.style.border="solid black 1px"
pbody.innerHTML="This is a pop-up! Click outside to close."
p.show(150,150,200,50,document.body)
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="show_popup()">Create pop-up!</button>
</body> 77
</html>