8.a. Single Stub Matching and Double Stub Matching

1151EC114 Waveguides and
Antennas
Dr. M.Saravanan
drsaravananm@veltech.edu.in
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and

02/08/2023 1
Technology
Single Stub Matching on a Line
• When a high frequency line is terminated in its characteristic impedance , it is operated as a smooth line. Under such
conditions reflections are absent, hence we get the maximum power delivered to the load and hence efficiency.
• But in practice, the loads such as antennas do not provide resistances equal to Ro of the line. Hence it is necessary to
add some impedance matching sections between the line and the load, such that load appears as a resistance to the
line.
Because of paralleling of the element, it is convenient to work with admittances. Then the input admittance , looking towards the
load from any point on line is given by .
This may be the admittance at point A before stub was connected. The point A is located such that at the point A, Then at the
point A, a short stub line is connected. This line is selected such' that its input succeptance is B. This stub is connected across the
transmission line. Then the total admittance at input is given by,
Thus the input impedance of the line at point looking towards load is
Thus, the line from the source to the point A is then terminated in . It acts as a smooth line. The reflection and hence standing
waves occur in between the portion of line from point A to the load. For the impedance matching using single stub it is very much
essential to know the exact point at which the stub is to be connected to the line and also the length of the stub. For this two
independent measurements must be made on the line. It is easy to measure standing wave ratio S and the voltage minimum
nearest to the load. The measurement on the line is made for the voltage minimum because it is observed that it can be
measured accurately rather than the voltage maximum.
The input impedance is given by
Hence the input admittance is given by
In terms of rectangular coordinates

From equation (A) and (B), we can get the two important
parameters related to the stub length and point at which the stub
is to be connected. The Fig. shows the plots of and for arbitrary
value of say 0.5.
From above plot and expressions (A) and (B), it is

observed that the value of is maximum if the cosine
term in the expression (A) is negative i.e. - 1.
At distance , the maximum value of is given by
Thus at point distance s from load input impedance is resistive and its value is minimum equal to . So this is the point of
minimum voltage at distance from the load.
At a distance from the load,
This is the point at which the stub is to be connected.
The value of is unity at this point. From equation (A)
In general, the stub may be located at distance d measured in either
direction from voltage minimum. But it is observed that for better
performance the stub is placed on the load side of that minimum
which is nearest to the load. Let us calculate now, the input
Thus the distance d form voltage minimum to the point succeptance of the line at a distance s1 using expression (B). From
expression (B), if s=s1,
of stub connection is given by,
Since
The above equation gives the succeptance of the line at
the distance where stub is connected. To cancel this
succeptance of the line, the succeptance of the stub
should be,
In general, the input impedance of the shorted line is

given by
The stub connected is also a transmission line short As we measure standing wave ratio along the line,
circuited end of the total length L.
This is the length of the stub which is short circuited to be placed
‘d’ meters forward to the load, from point at which voltage
minimum exists before the connection of the stub. Then the stub
succeptance cancels the succeptance of the line at point d, so
that the line appears as a smooth line terminated in Ro from
generator to the point at which the stub is placed.
The stub can be placed d meters towards the source from the
voltage minimum. The sign of the reactance then reverses with
respect to the sign for the location nearer to the load.
Then the stub length is given by,
Let us summarize the result. For a short circuited stub the point of location of the stub on the line and the length of
the stub are given by
Determine length and location of a single short circuited stub to produce an impedance match on a transmission line with of
600 and terminated in 1800
Given :
The reflection coefficient is given by Case (2):
Hence
Calculation for location and length of stub
Case (1):
Design a suitable transmission line for properly snatching a load as shown in Fig. 2.22 (a), to a transmission line of =400 . if Also
carry out the design if load is changed to the condition as shown in the Fig. 2.22 (b)
Consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a). For proper termination,

the reactance j500 must be cancelled out by a transmission
line impedance matching section of length s
Thus for proper termination of a line with Ro =

400 . , an open circuited line of length 1.073 X
may be used to cancel out + j500 . reactance
The length of the open circuited line i.e. s must be selected such
in the terminating impedance.
that it presents the reactance of -j500 at A-B terminals. The input
impedance for an open circuited line is given by,
For proper termination, the reactance - j 600 must be
cancelled out by a transmission line having its input
impedance equal to + j 600 as shown in the Fig. 224.
Choose a short circuited line of length s which cancels out
- j 600 load reactance. Thus a line with 400 characteristic impedance appears
The input impedance of the short circuited line is given by as a properly terminated line for the given load
conditions by connecting a short circuit line of length
0.1564 .
Thank You
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and

02/08/2023 14
Technology

8.a. Single Stub Matching and Double Stub Matching

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1151EC114 Waveguides and

Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and

Hence the input admittance is given by

In terms of rectangular coordinates

From above plot and expressions (A) and (B), it is

In general, the input impedance of the shorted line is

Consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a). For proper termination,

Thus for proper termination of a line with Ro =

Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and

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