Lecture 3 (B)

Stoichiometry (B)
Percent composition, empirical and molecular formulas, combustion analysis, balancing

equations, reaction types, limiting reactant, solutions, molarity, molar volume, dilution, titration
Combustion Analysis
• Alkanes have strong C-C and C-H bonds, they atr unreactive at room temperature. At high temperature, however, alkanes
burn rapidly with the oxygen in the air. This is called a combustion reaction.
• The products from the complete combustion of an alkane are carbon dioxide and water. If the amount of oxygen is
limited, carbon monoxide may be produced.
Example : CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) spark

CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Combustion of 18.8 g of a substance produced 27.6 g CO2 and 11.3 g H2O. Determine the empirical formula.
Determine the molecular formula given that its molar mass is approximately 180 g.
Therefore, 18.8 g of a substance contains 7.53 g C and 1.26 g H.
Remaining mass is oxygen: 10.0 g O
Divide by 0.625 moles
Empirical Formula: CH2O
Divide by the lowest number of moles!

Counting Atoms
2 NaCl
2 Na atoms; 2 Cl atoms
Mg(OH)2
1 Mg atom; 2 O atoms; 2 H atoms
3 Mg(OH)2
3 Mg atoms; 6 O atoms; 6 H atoms
4 (NH4)2SO4
2 Ca3(PO4)2
Counting Atoms
4 (NH4)2SO4
2 N x4 = 8 N atoms
8H x 4 = 32 H atoms
1S x 4 = 4 S atoms
4O x 4 = 16 O atoms
2 Ca3(PO4)2
3Ca x 2 = 6 Ca atoms
2P x 2 = 4 P atoms
8O x 2 = 16 O atoms
Chemical Equations
Chemical equations represent chemical “sentences”
2 Al (s) + 3 Cl2 (g)  2 AlCl3 (s)
“solid aluminum reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid aluminum chloride”
CHEMICAL EQUATION SYMBOLS
• PRODUCES OR YIELDS (SEPARATES REACTANTS FROM PRODUCTS)

• REACTS WITH, ADDED TO
• REACTANTS ARE HEATED
Fe
• Fe CATALYST WAS ADDED TO THE REACTION
NR
• NO REACTION
(s) • SOLID SUBSTANCE
(l) • LIQUID SUBSTANCE
(g • GASEOUS SUBSTANCE
)
(aq) • AQUEOUS SUBSTANCE (WATER)
Balancing Equations
Balanced: same number and kind of atoms on each side of the equation
Balancing Equations
• ______Co +_______O2  ______Co2O3
• ____H2SO4 +____Al(OH)3  ____Al2 (SO4)3 +____H2O
• ____Sr +____H2O  ______Sr(OH)2 +_______H2

Balancing Equations
Balance the following equation:
___C6H14(l) +____O2(g) ____CO2(g) +___H2O(l)

6-C-1
14-H-2
2-O-3
Balancing Equations
Balance the following equation:
___C6H14(l) +_19/2_O2(g) __6__CO2(g) +__7_H2O(l)

6-C-16
14-H-214
19/22-O-319
Balancing Equations
C6H14(l) +19/2 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 7 H2O(l)
multiply through to eliminate fractions (X2)

2 C6H14(l) +19 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) + 14 H2O(l)
Try These! See B
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more oa
practi rd for
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Li2O + H2O  LiOH
Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O
FeCl2 + Na3PO4 Fe3(PO4)2 + NaCl

Answers!
Li2O + H2O  2 LiOH
Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + 2 H2O
3 FeCl2 + 2 Na3PO4 Fe3(PO4)2 + 6 NaCl

Physical vs. Chemical Equations
Physical
KClO3(s)  KClO3(aq)
Dissociation Reaction
CO2 (s)  CO2 (g) (Phase Change)
Chemical
Li2O(s) + H2O(l)  2 LiOH(aq)

3 FeCl2 + 2 Na3PO4  Fe3(PO4)2 + 6 NaCl
“General” Reaction (rxn) Types
1. Combination reaction (synthesis rxn)
2. Decomposition rxn
3. Complete oxidation or burning of organic compounds (oxidation rxn)
4. Single replacement oxidation-reduction reactions (redox rxn)
5. Double replacement precipitation rxn
6. Double replacement neutralization rxn

Combination Reaction
Two or more substances combine to form a single product (synthesis reaction)
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)
Decomposition Reaction
Compound breaks down into simpler substances
2 HgO(s)  2 Hg(l) + O2(g)

Oxidation Reaction
Compounds (containing C and H or C, H, and O) are burned in oxygen (combustion rxn)
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
Single replacement redox rxn
Zn(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + Pb(s)

Precipitation Reaction
Ions switch “partners”, one product is solid ( Double Replacement)
CaCl2(aq) + 2 NaF(aq)  CaF2(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
Neutralization Reaction
Acid added to a base, forming a salt (ionic compound) and H2O (usually a release of heat) (Double
Replacement) This is used in titrations
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) 2 H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)

Calculations with Balanced Chemical Equations
Balanced equations allows us to calculate amounts of

reactants and products.
Coefficients in equation are used as mole ratios.

Stoichiometry
The calculation(s) of the quantities of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometry
Make sure to use balanced equations!
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
4 moles of NH3 5 moles of O2 4 moles NO6 moles H2O
C2H4 + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Stoichiometry Worksheet (1-7)

1.Suppose you begin a reaction with 0.035 moles of I2 and excess N2H4. How many moles of
N2 will be produced?
2 I2 + N2H4 4 HI + N2
2..How many moles of HI will be produced when you begin the reaction with 1.80 g
N2H4? 2 I2 + N2H4 4 HI+ N2
3.How many grams of N2 will be formed when you begin the reaction with 0.5670
moles I2? 2 I2 + N2H4 4 HI+ N2
4.What is the theoretical yield of HI if you mix 0.9083 g I2 and excess N2H4?
2 I2 + N2H4 4 HI+ N2
5.Calculate the theoretical yield of N2 when you react 0.60 g N2H4 with excess I2. In
addition, calculate the percent yield of this reaction if you produce 0.38 g N2. 2 I2 +
N2H4 4 HI+ N2
Limiting Reactant Stoichiometry
+
1 car body 4 tires 1 driveable car
Scenario #1 Scenario #2 Scenario #3
3 car bodies 40 tires 3 car bodies

excess tires excess car bodies 40 tires
Limiting reactant (LR): reactant that produces the least amount of a product
• LR is NOT based on the initial amount of reactant

• Reaction will stop once LR is consumed
Excess reactant (ER): reactant that is left over once reaction has stopped
How Do You Identify a Limiting
Reactant Problem?
If 5.0 g hydrogen react with 7.0 g oxygen, how many moles of water can be produced?
Notice that 2 (or more) reactant amounts are given and a product amount is requested.
If an amount of a reactant is not given, assume it to be in excess.

6. Consider the reaaction Mg + N2  Mg3N2
a. Suppose you react 6.0 g Mg and 5.0 g N2. How many grams of Mg3N2 will be produced?
b. What is the limiting reactant?__________What is the excess reactant? ________

c. How much of the LR remains after the reaction goes to completion?
d. How much of the ER remains after the reaction goes to completion?
Theoretical yield: maximum amount of product predicted by stoichiometry
• always calculated
Actual yield: amount produced experimentally

• Less than theoretical yield
• Determined from experience or by doing the experiment
Percent yield: ratio of actual to theoretical (relays the efficiency of the reaction)
A student reacts 3.75 grams of zinc with excess hydrochloric acid and
produces 5.58 grams of zinc chloride and hydrogen gas. What is the percent
yield for this reaction?
Step 1: Balance equation

Step 2: Calculate theoretical yield
Step 3: Substitute into formula and solve
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Theoretical yield = 7.82 g ZnCl2
Actual yield = 5.58 g ZnCl2

e. If you run the reaction & produce 6.9 g Mg3N2, what is the percent yield?
7. Consider the reaction Fe2O3 + CO  CO2 + Fe
a. Mix 10.0 g CO and 10.0 g Fe2O3 together? How many gCO2 will be produced?
7. b.
What is the LR? _______________ What is the ER? _______________
7.c. How much of the LR remains after the reaction goes to completion?
7. d.
What is the LR? _______________ What is the ER? _______________
7.e. How much of the LR remains after the reaction goes to completion?
Aqueous Solutions
Solution: homogeneous mixture
•Solute: component that is dissolved
•Solvent: component that dissolves solute
Generally, component present in greatest quantity is considered to be the

solvent.
Aqueous solutions are those in which water is the solvent.

Concentration of Solutions
Concentration is amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
• units include: molarity, percent (w/v)
Qualitative expressions of concentration
Concentrated – higher ratio of solute to solvent
Dilute - smaller ratio of solute to solvent

Comparison of a Concentrated and Dilute Solution
Solubility: measure of how much solute will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature
Saturated Solution: solution whose concentration is at solubility limit at a given temp (no more solute can
be dissolved into solvent)
Unsaturated Solution: when concentration of a solute is less than the solubility limit
Supersaturated Solution: under controlled conditions, more solute can be dissolved than normal (heating
or cooling)
If two liquids dissolve in each other in all proportions, they
are miscible
• alcohol and water
If two liquids are insoluble in each other, they are immiscible

• oil and water
Soluble ionic compounds dissociate completely in solution. (dissociation
rxn)
NaCl, Na2SO4, Al2(SO4)3
Using mole ratios we can calculate

concentration of all species in solution.
• Find the concentration of all species in a 0.25 M solution of MgCl2
[Mg2+ ] = 0.25 M
[Cl– ] = 0.50 M
• Calculate the concentration of all species in the following solutions.
0.42 M Ba(OH)2 1.2 M NH4Cl
[Ba2+] = 0.42 M [NH4+] = 1.2 M
[OH–] = 0.84 M [Cl–] = 1.2 M

Molarity
Ratio of moles solute per liter of solution
Symbols: M or [ ]
Different forms of molarity equation

Molarity
If a solution contains 0.755 mol H2SO4 per liter, we can say:
M = mol = 0.755 mol = 0.755 M H2 SO4

L 1L
Note: volume MUST be in Liters

Note: molarity is another “per expression”
Molarity, Dilution, Titration Worksheet 1 – 4

1. 161 g sodium carbonate is dissolved in 4.600 L of water.
What is the concentration of this solution?
2. Suppose you have 17.3 mL of 0.0035 M HCl in a
beaker. How many moles do you have?
3. How many grams of calcium chloride must be added to water to
make 200. mL of 0.875 M solution?
4. How many moles of potassium ions will be found in 270. mL of
0.0500 M potassium sulfate?
Dilution: process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more
concentrated one.
Diluting Solutions
Take a stock solution (known M) and dilute
C1V1 = C2V2
where: C1: initial concentration (M)

V1: initial volume
C2: final concentration (M)
V2: final volume
Make sure volume units are equal
Molarity, Dilution, and Titration Worksheet 1-3

5. A chemist wants to prepare 0.80 L of 0.15 M NaCl. If she has a stock
solution of 6.0 M NaCl, how much will she need to use?
6. What is the molarity of the solution prepared by diluting 25.71 mL of
0.07060 M NaCl to 500.0 mL?
7. What volume of 12.0 M HCl must be used to prepare 175.0 mL of
0.0706 M HCl ?
8. How many grams of lead(II) iodide will precipitate when excess potassium
iodide solution is added to 50.0 mL of 0.811 M lead(II) nitrate?
2 KI + Pb(NO3)2  PbI2 + 2 KNO3
9. What volume, in mL, of 0.4050 M CaCl2 reacts completely with 25.00
mL of 0.2800 M AgNO3?
2 AgNO3 + CaCl2  2 AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
10. If 205 mL of MgBr2 solution reacts completely with 42.95 mL of 0.439
M AgNO3 solution, what must be the molarity of MgBr2 that was used?
2 AgNO3 + MgBr2  2 AgBr(s) + Mg(NO3)2
11. Consider the reaction:
2 AgNO3 (aq) + MgBr2 (aq)  2 AgBr (s) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
How many grams of AgBr can be prepared when 58.0 mL of 0.264 M AgNO3
reacts with excess MgBr2?
Titration
 Addition of a solution of known concentration

(standard solution) to another solution of unknown
concentration.
 Standardization is determination of the exact

concentration of a solution.
Equivalence point represents completion of reaction.
Endpoint is when titration is completed.
Indicator is used to signal the endpoint
12. How many mL of 0.0947 M NaOH would be required to neutralize
20.0 mL of 0.1033 M H2SO4?
H2SO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq)  Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

13. An experiment determines that 29.64 mL of 0.107 M NaOH completely
neutralizes a beaker containing 71 mL H2SO4. What was the molarity of
H2SO4 that was used?
H2SO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq)  Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
14. If 30.0 mL of 0.150 M CaCl2 is added to 15.0 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3,
what is the mass in grams of AgCl produced?
CaCl2 (aq) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 AgCl (s)
15. What is the [Mg2+] present when 60.0 mL of 0.25 M NaCl are mixed with 40.0 mL of 0.75 M
Mg3(PO4) 2?
6NaCl + Mg3(PO4)2  3Na3PO4 + 2MgCl2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MwySnLdjw4
16. Suppose 10.0 mL of 0.250 M Ca(NO3) 2 are mixed with 15.0 mL of 0.100
M NaNO3. What will the final concentration of nitrate ion be?
Apparently, you don’t need to write the equation out to get this answer. See video from previous slide.
Also see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7RRXSCM0VI

17. If you mix 15.0 mL of 0.10 M NaNO3 with 30.0 mL of 0.25 M Li2SO4,
what will the final concentrations be of NaNO3, Li2SO4, and Na2SO4? Write
the balanced reaction.

Lecture 3 (B)

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Stoichiometry (B)

Percent composition, empirical and molecular formulas, combustion analysis, balancing

Example : CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) spark

Divide by the lowest number of moles!

Chemical equations represent chemical “sentences”

2 Al (s) + 3 Cl2 (g)  2 AlCl3 (s)

• PRODUCES OR YIELDS (SEPARATES REACTANTS FROM PRODUCTS)

• ______Co +_______O2  ______Co2O3

• ____H2SO4 +____Al(OH)3  ____Al2 (SO4)3 +____H2O

• ____Sr +____H2O  ______Sr(OH)2 +_______H2

Balance the following equation:

___C6H14(l) +____O2(g) ____CO2(g) +___H2O(l)

Balance the following equation:

___C6H14(l) +_19/2_O2(g) __6__CO2(g) +__7_H2O(l)

C6H14(l) +19/2 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 7 H2O(l)

multiply through to eliminate fractions (X2)

Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O

FeCl2 + Na3PO4 Fe3(PO4)2 + NaCl

Li2O + H2O  2 LiOH

Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + 2 H2O

3 FeCl2 + 2 Na3PO4 Fe3(PO4)2 + 6 NaCl

Li2O(s) + H2O(l)  2 LiOH(aq)

1. Combination reaction (synthesis rxn)

3. Complete oxidation or burning of organic compounds (oxidation rxn)

4. Single replacement oxidation-reduction reactions (redox rxn)

5. Double replacement precipitation rxn

6. Double replacement neutralization rxn

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

2 HgO(s)  2 Hg(l) + O2(g)

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Zn(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + Pb(s)

CaCl2(aq) + 2 NaF(aq)  CaF2(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) 2 H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)

Balanced equations allows us to calculate amounts of

Coefficients in equation are used as mole ratios.

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

4 moles of NH3 5 moles of O2 4 moles NO6 moles H2O

C2H4 + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 2 H2O

Stoichiometry Worksheet (1-7)

Scenario #1 Scenario #2 Scenario #3

3 car bodies 40 tires 3 car bodies

• LR is NOT based on the initial amount of reactant

If an amount of a reactant is not given, assume it to be in excess.

b. What is the limiting reactant?__________What is the excess reactant? ________

Actual yield: amount produced experimentally

Step 1: Balance equation

Theoretical yield = 7.82 g ZnCl2

Actual yield = 5.58 g ZnCl2

Generally, component present in greatest quantity is considered to be the

Aqueous solutions are those in which water is the solvent.

Qualitative expressions of concentration

Concentrated – higher ratio of solute to solvent

Dilute - smaller ratio of solute to solvent

If two liquids are insoluble in each other, they are immiscible

Using mole ratios we can calculate

• Calculate the concentration of all species in the following solutions.

0.42 M Ba(OH)2 1.2 M NH4Cl

[Ba2+] = 0.42 M [NH4+] = 1.2 M

[OH–] = 0.84 M [Cl–] = 1.2 M

Ratio of moles solute per liter of solution

• __Co +_O2  ____Co2O3

• H2SO4 +Al(OH)3  Al2 (SO4)3 +H2O

• Sr +H2O  Sr(OH)2 +_____H2

_C6H14(l) +O2(g) CO2(g) +_H2O(l)

___C6H14(l) +_19/2_O2(g) 6CO2(g) +__7_H2O(l)

b. What is the limiting reactant?__What is the excess reactant?