3 - Memory

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MEMORY

Shahzad Anwar
Definition
• “Memory is the process of
maintaining information over time.”
(Matlin, 2005)

• “The process of encoding, storage


and retrieval of information.”
Stages of Memory
• Encoding
– the processing of information into the
memory system
• Storage
– the retention / holding of encoded
information over time
• Retrieval
– process of getting information out of
memory system
Memory Storages/
Types of Memory

•Sensory Memory

•Short-term Memory

•Long-term Memory
Memory Types
Sensory Memory
• It is for few seconds only. It can be deleted
or decay soon.
• 2 types of sensory memory
– Iconic Memory: related to icons or
images (visual type)
– Iconic memory lasts for 0.2-0.5 second
– Echoic Memory: related to auditory
stimulus (auditory type)
– Echoic memory lasts for 2-3 seconds
Masking of Sensory Memory

• Information that has just entered to


iconic memory will be pushed out very
quickly by new information, and this
process is called masking.
Short-term Memory
(Working Memory)
• Lasts for seconds to minutes

• Normal duration is 30 seconds

• Capacity is 7 minutes (± 2) by rehearsal

• Holds for digits, letters, images etc.


Long-term Memory

• Lasts for days to years

• Duration depends upon rehearsal


Long-term Memory
Explicit Memory
• Explicit memory involves conscious effort to
recall
• Episodic memory is personal experiences,
life events etc.
• Semantic memory involves knowledge of
facts, general knowledge, academics etc.
Implicit Memory
• Implicit memory occurs without conscious effort for
recall
• Procedural memory doesn’t require attention and is
automatic like car driving, bike riding, writing etc.
• Priming is the phenomena where exposure to a prior
stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus
• It helps in retrieval of related things or words
Retrieval: Priming
Hypothesized Memory
Processes
Performance

Incoming
information
Working Long-term
Sight memory storage

 
Sound
Sensory Short-term
Association
buffers Encoding storage
Smell

Touch
Loss of information

Adapted from Rozenzeig, 2002


Hypothesized Memory
Processes
Performance

Incoming
information
Working Long-term
Sight memory storage

Sound
Sensory Short-term
Association
buffers Encoding storage
Smell
Attention Rehearsal
Touch

Adapted from Rozenzeig, 2002


Amnesia
Impairment in memory (forgetfulness)
• Retrograde Amnesia
– Loss of past memory
• Anterograde Amnesia
– Can’t form new
memories
• Mixed Amnesia
-- Neither can recall past
memory nor can make
new memories Anterograde Amnesia
Improve Your Memory
• Reduce the use of mobile and social media
• Use MNEMONICS and CHUNKING
• Study regularly and write memorized
information to boost recall
• Spend more time rehearsing or actively
thinking (understand) about the material
• Make material personally meaningful
• Study less (in quantity) but effective (in
quality)

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