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    Lecture 2 - Loads and Design Loads

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    Fayez Moutassem
    The document discusses types of loads that structures must be designed for, including dead loads from structural elements, live loads from occupancy, and loads from natural causes like wind and snow. It introduces load and resistance factor design (LRFD) as a design method that uses load factors to account for variability in loads and resistance factors for variability in strength. The document lists the standard LRFD load combinations that structures are designed for, which apply various load factors to dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.

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    Lecture 2 - Loads and Design Loads

    Uploaded by

    Fayez Moutassem
    23 views20 pages
    The document discusses types of loads that structures must be designed for, including dead loads from structural elements, live loads from occupancy, and loads from natural causes like wind and snow. It introduces load and resistance factor design (LRFD) as a design method that uses load factors to account for variability in loads and resistance factors for variability in strength. The document lists the standard LRFD load combinations that structures are designed for, which apply various load factors to dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.

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    The document discusses types of loads that structures must be designed for, including dead loads from structural elements, live loads from occupancy, and loads from natural causes like wind and snow. It introduces load and resistance factor design (LRFD) as a design method that uses load factors to account for variability in loads and resistance factors for variability in strength. The document lists the standard LRFD load combinations that structures are designed for, which apply various load factors to dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views20 pages

    Lecture 2 - Loads and Design Loads

    Uploaded by

    Fayez Moutassem
    The document discusses types of loads that structures must be designed for, including dead loads from structural elements, live loads from occupancy, and loads from natural causes like wind and snow. It introduces load and resistance factor design (LRFD) as a design method that uses load factors to account for variability in loads and resistance factors for variability in strength. The document lists the standard LRFD load combinations that structures are designed for, which apply various load factors to dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Types of Loads and Design Loads

    Lecture Outline

    Types of Loads
    Design Basis and Methods
    Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
    LRFD Load Combinations
    Dead Loads
    Weight of the structure
    For buildings: weights of columns, beams, slabs, roofing,
    walls, windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures
    Weight of fixed partitions
    Weights of mechanical and electrical fixtures
    Weights of other permanently attached non-structural
    elements such as tiles, plaster, etc.
    Live Loads
    LL = temporary loads. Building LL depends on occupancy
    Refer to Applicable Building Code for minimum values
    (ex: ASCE).
    Loads that are Due to Natural Causes

    Snow Load
    Rain Load
    Wind Load
    Seismic Load
    Design Basis
    The design is based on the principle that the structural
    resistance is NOT exceeded when the structure is
    subjected to all appropriate load combinations

    Design Basis: Load  Strength


    (Resistance)
    Design Methods

    1) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)


    2) Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

     Either design method can be used.


    Load and Resistance Factor Design
    (LRFD)
    Design using LRFD considers strength using factored
    loads and factored resistance
    Factored Load  Factored Strength
     (Loads x load factors)  Resistance x resistance factor
    Ru  Rn

    where :
    Ru  required strength (sum of factored loads, uses load combinations)
    Rn  the nominal resistance, or strength, of the component under consideration
      resistance factor
    LRFD
    The Load Factors and the resistance factors reflect the fact
    that loads, load effects, and the resistance can be determined
    only to imperfect degrees of accuracy. These factors provide
    factor of safety.

     Load Factors (> 1.0 ) account for variability in loading


     Resistance Factors (< 1.0 ) account for variability in
    design procedure, fabrication, and erection.
    LRFD

    These factors account for:


    uncertainties in the determination of loads.
    unavoidable inaccuracies in theory.
    variations in material properties.
    variations in dimensions.
    variations in erected positions

    They do not account for:


    human error and negligence (must be avoided).
    LRFD Load Combinations

    1. 1.4D
    2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
    3. 1.2D +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.5W)
    4. 1.2D + 1.0W +0.5L+ 0.5(Lr or S or R)
    5. 1.2D ± 1.0E +0.5L+0.2S
    6. 0.9D ± 1.0W D = Dead Load
    L = Live Load due to Occupancy
    7. 0.9D ± 1.0E Lr= Roof Live Load
    S = Snow Load
    R = Rain or ice load
    W= Wind Load
    E = Earthquake Load
    Example 1
    Example 2
    Solution
    Quick Exercise

    1. 1.4D
    2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) D = Dead Load
    L = Live Load due to Occupancy
    3. 1.2D +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.5W) Lr= Roof Live Load
    4. 1.2D + 1.0W +0.5L+ 0.5(Lr or S or R) S = Snow Load
    R = Rain or ice load
    5. 1.2D ± 1.0E +0.5L+0.2S W= Wind Load
    E = Earthquake Load
    6. 0.9D ± 1.0W
    7. 0.9D ± 1.0E
    Solution
    Homework Problem 1
    Homework Problem 2

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