Chapter 2

Pixel Relation
By: Prof. (Dr.) Paramartha Dutta
Visva Bharati University
Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
Pixel Relationship
 Pixel
 Pixel Neighbourhood and Type of Neighbourhood
 Pixel Connectivity
 Connected Component
 Different Distance Measure Techniques
 Arithmetic/Logical Operator
 Neighborhood Operation

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What is Pixel?
 After sampling we get no. of analog samples and
each sample have intensity value which can be
Quantized as final step of digitization
 Quantized to discrete label
 8bit for black and white image
 24bit for colour image
 A matrix element is called pixel.
 For 8 bit a pixel can have value between 0 to 256
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Neighbourhood
 A pixel p at location (x,y) has 2 horizontal and 2
vertical neighbour. In total a pixel p has four
neighbour.
(x-1, y)
(x, y-1) P (x, y) (x, y+1)
(x+1, y)

 This set of four pixel is called 4 neighbour of p = N4(p)

 Each of this neighbour is at a unit distance from p
 If p is a boundary pixel then it will have less neighbours.
Neighbourhood Cont..
 Boundary Pixel
p Boundary pixel has
only two neighbour

 A pixel p has four diagonal neighbour ND(p)

(x-1,
(x-1, y-1)
y+1)
P (x, y)
(x+1, y- (x+1,
1) y+1)
 The point of N4(p) and ND(p) together are called 8 neighbourof p
N8(p) = ND(p) U ND(p)
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Pixel Connectivity
 Pixel connectivity is very useful for establishing
object boundary and defining image component/
region etc.
If f(x,y) > Th (threshold)
Assign 1
(x,y) є object
else Assign 0
(x,y) є background

Here pixel connected to 1 belongs to one object

Pixel Connectivity Cont..
 Two pixel are said to be connected if they are
adjacent in same sense
 They are neighbour (N4 ND or N8 ) and
 Their intensity value (gray level) are similar
 Example: For a binary image B two points p and q will be
connected if q є N(p) are p є N(q) and B(p) = B(q)

P p Here p and q are

q q p q connected iff their
intensity value are
same
Define Connectivity in Gray Level
 Let v be the set of gray level used to define
connectivity for two points (p,q) є v
 Three type of connectivity are defined
 4 connectivity → p,q є v & p є N4(q)
 8 connectivity → p,q є v & p є N8(q)
 M connectivity (Mixed Connectivity) p,q є v are m
connected if
 q є N4(p) or

q є ND(p) and N4(p) ∩ ND(p) = ᶲ
Mixed Connectivity
 Mixed connectivity is modification of 8 connectivity
 Only inclusion of concept is eliminating the multiple path often
arises with 8 connectivity
 Example V = {1}
Multiple path

N4(p) ∩ ND(p) = ᶲ
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 so ND(p) is not
0 1 0 0 1 0 taken
0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
4 connected 8 connected M connected
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Connected Component
 Adjacency : Two pixel p & q are adjacent if they are connected
 4 adjacency

 8 adjacency

 M adjacency

 Depending on type of connectivity used two image subset si and

sj are adjacent If p є si and q є sj such that p and q are
adjacent

si
p sj
q
Connected Component
 Path : A path from p(x,y) to q(s,t) is a sequence of
distinct pixel
(x0,y0), (x1,y1), …… , (xn,yn)
Where (x0,y0) = (x,y) and (xn,yn) = (s, t)
(xi,yi) is adacent to (xi-1 ,yi-1) for 1 ≤ I ≤ n
here n is the length of path
Connected Component
 Let S I and p,q є S
 Then p is connected to q in S if there is a path
from p to q consisting entirely of pixels in S
 For any p є S, the set of pixel in S that are
connected to p is call a connected component of
S
r s Point p is connected to point
q and r but not connected
p
q with point k
k
Connected Component Labeling
 Ability to assign different label to the various
disjoint connected components of an image
 Connected component labeling is fundamental step
in automated image analysis

Two disjoint connected component connected component labeling

Algorithm (Group identification)
 Scan image from Left to Right and Top to Bottom
 Assume 4 connectivity
 P be a pixel at any step in the scanning process

r
t p

 Before p point r and t are scanned i.e before p its neighbours

are scanned
 The purpose of this algorithm is to assign identification no.
Algorithm Steps
 I(p) : pixel at position p
 L(p): label assigned to pixel location p
 If I(p) = 0, move to next scanning position
 If I(p) = 1, and I(r) = I(t) = 0
 Then assign a new label to position p

 If I(p) =1 and only one of two neighbour is 1

 Then assign its label to p

 If I(p) =1 and both r and t are 1

 Then

 If L(r) = L(t) then L(p) = L(r)

 If L(r) ≠ L(t) then assign one of the label to p
Algorithm Steps Cont..
 At the end of scan all pixel with value 1 are labeled
 Some label are equivalent
 Equivalent label make a pais
 During second pass process equivalent pairs to
form equivalent classes
 Assign different label to each class
 In the second pass through the image replace each
label by label assign to its equivalent class
Algorithm Demo
First Pass

1 2
1 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4
1 1 4 4
5 1 4 4 4
5

2 3 1 Assign 1 Assign new

1 1 4 4 5 1 because its left label (say 2) as
neighbour is 1 I(r) = I(t) = 0
(1,2) , (4,3) and (5,1) are
equivalent pair
Algorithm Demo
Second Pass : In the second pass through the image replace each label by
label assign to its equivalent class

1 1
1 1 3 3
1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
1 1 3 3
1 1 3 3 3
1

Here two separate region/ group are identified YELLOE (1) region and
RED (3) region
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Distance Measure
 Take three pixel
 p ≈ (x,y) q ≈ (s,t) z ≈ (u,v)
 D is distance function if
 D(p,q) ≥ 0 ; D(p,q) = 0 iff p = q (p & q is same pixel)
 D(p,q) = D(q,p) (distance from p to q & q to p is
same)
 D(p, z) ≤ D(p,q) + D(q,z)
Distance Measure Technique
 Euclidean Distance
 City Block Distance (Manhattan Distance)
 Chess Board Distance
 Euclidean distance between two point p(x,y) & q(s,t) is defined as
D(p,q) = [|x-s|2 +|y-t|2]1/2

q(s,t)
p(x,y)
Distance Measure Technique
 City Block Distance
 D4 distance or City Block (Manhattan) distance is defined as
D4 (p,q) = |x-s| + |y-t|
 Point having city block distance from p less than or equal to r from
diamond center
3
3 2 3
3 2 1 2 3
3 2 1 p 1 2 3
3 2 1 2 3
3 2 3
3
Distance Measure Technique
 Chess Board Distance
 D8 distance or Chess Board Distance is defined as
D8 (p,q) = max( |x-s|, |y-t|)
 Point with D8 = 1are 8 neighbour of p

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 2 2 3
3 2 1 1 1 2 3
3 2 1 P 1 2 3
3 2 1 1 1 2 3
3 2 2 2 2 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
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Arithmetic/Logical Operator
 If pixel p є I1 and q є I2 where I1 and I2 are two different images then
 Arithmetic Operators are
 p+q
 p–q
 p*q
 p%q
 Logical Operator
 p.q (Logical AND)
 p+q (Logical OR)
 p’ (NOT)
 Logical operators are only applied to binary image
Logical Operator

Image A NOT (A ) (A ) AND (B)

Image B (A ) XOR (B)

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Neighbourhood Operation
 The value assigned to a pixel is a function of its
gray label and the gray label of its neighbours

Z1 Z2 Z3
Z4 Z5 Z6
Z7 Z8 Z9

 Averaging
Z = 1/9 (Z1+ Z2 + …….. + Z9 )
Neighbourhood Operation
 More general form
Z1 Z2 Z3 W1 W2 W3
Z4 Z5 Z6 W4 W5 W6
Z7 Z8 Z9 W7 W8 W9

Z = W1 Z1+ W2 Z2 + …….. + W9 Z9
= ∑ Wi Zi for i = 1 to 9
It is useful for
Noise filtering
Edge Detection
Various important operation can be implemented by
proper selection of coefficient Wi
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