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COMMUNICABLE AND NON
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
PRESENTED BY
K. KANJIRAWAYA
Communicable diseases
 These are diseases caused by micro-
organism
 Can be passed on from one person to another
 They can cause epidemics by their
contagiousness hence may be referred to as

contagious diseases.
 At times known as infectious diseases
 An infectious disease may or may not be easy
to catch and is thus not a great threat to
others.
 A communicable (or contagious) disease is an
infectious disease that is readily transmitted

from one individual to another, either directly
or indirectly.
 Communicable diseases are the common
causes of illness, disability and death in
African region, including Malawi.
 While these diseases present a large threat to
the well being of our communities, there are

well known interventions that are available
for controlling and preventing them
 CDs are important in Malawi because:
 Many of them are very common
 Some of them are very serious & cause death
& disability
 Some come as outbreaks (epidemics)
 Most of them are preventable with simple
means
 Many are serious & common in infants &
children
Classifications of micro-organisms
(4main categories of infectious agents)
 Parasites-malaria
 Bacteria :Tuberculosis.
 Viruses :HIV, HPV, Ebola
 Fungi: :Candidiasis
Characteristics of an infectious
agents
 Infectivity: ability to enter &multiply in host
 Pathogenicity: ability to produce a specific
clinical reaction after infection occur

 Virulence: ability to produce severe
pathological reaction
 Toxicity: ability to produce poisonous
reaction
 Invasiveness: ability to penetrate & spread
throughout tissue
Transmission process
 Direct contact (skin, membrane, sexual
contacts.
 Vector
 Faecal contamination of food & water
 Contact with animals & their products (biting)
 Airborne (inhalation)
 Transplacental (during pregnancy)
 Blood contact (injection, surgery, transfusion
CHAIN OF CAUSATION OF DISEASE
RESERVOIR
 Animals, human or vectors that harbour
disease causing organism
PORTAL OF EXIT
 The organism has to come out of/from the
reservoir
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 Examples are; water, food, sexual intercourse
AGENT
 Parasites
 Should have a portal of entry into the
organism
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD (MODEL)
ENVI
RON
MEN
T
AGE
HOST
NT
The Epidemiologic Triad
 The traditional model of infectious disease
causation.
 It has three components
 An external agent
 A susceptible host
 An environment that brings the host and the agent
together
 In the model the environment influences the agent,
the host and the route of transmission of the agent
from the source to the host.
 For the disease to occur, there must be an
interaction of the three factors above
ENVIRONMENT
 An external surrounding of the host that
might influence vulnerability or resistance
 Biological = Bacteria
 Physical = Weather, water
 Socio-economic = Family status, country
 Political = War
AGENT
 This is a disease causing organism, e.g.
bacteria, pestcides
 A factors that causes or contributes to a
health problem or condition

 Biological = bacteria, virus, fungi
 Chemical = poison, metal, cides
 Physical = mechanical accidents
heavy winds
HOST
 A person who harbours & nourishes a disease
– causing organism
 Race = eat pork or not
 Immunity = low immunity = susceptible
 Nutrition = poor nutrition = susceptible
 Age = children, elderly
 Sex = ladies more anaemic
 Body weight = hypertension
 Genetic = inheritance e.g. Sickle cell
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASE PREVENTION &CONTROL
 Attacking the source (treat case & carriers)
 Interrupting the route of transmission
(sanitation, sterilization, vector control)

 Protecting the host (Immunization
chemoprophylaxis, better nutrition)

NON COMMUNICABLE
(NONINFECTIOUS )DISEASES
Those diseases or illnesses that cannot
be transmitted from an infected person to
a susceptible, healthy one
Several, or even many, factors may
contribute to the development of a given
non-communicable health condition
The contributing factors may be genetic,
environmental, or behavioral in nature
EXAMPLES OF NON COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
 Cancer
 Diabetes
 Chronic lung diseases
 stroke
Risk factors
 Tobacco use
 Physical inactivity
 Unhealthy diets
 Harmful use of alcohol
Prevention and controlling NCDs
 Reduce major modifiable risk factors eg
tobacco use
 Health education
The end

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COMMUNICABLE AND NON

contagiousness hence may be referred to as

infectious disease that is readily transmitted

the well being of our communities, there are

clinical reaction after infection occur

disease causing organism

health problem or condition

(sanitation, sterilization, vector control)

chemoprophylaxis, better nutrition)

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