Philosophy

101
Philosophy
LOVE OF
WISDOM
•Philosophers show us that
reason can be the source
truth which is universal
and objective.
•Pythagoras was the one who
first used the word
“Philosopher”.
•He said that, “man is the
measure of all things”.
•Sophist are persons who taught
oratory for a fee to individuals
aspiring to have a successful
career in politics.
•Sophists believe that all truths
are relative.
What is/are the
difference/s of sophist
and philosopher?
•Philosophy is not a purely
intellectual activity, for it is also
a kind of attitude or emotion.
• It desires passionately and
seriously the essence and forms
of wisdom.
 Wise Person
•Aware of the things he knows
and he does not know.
•He holds beliefs that are
not only true but which
he/she can also justify.
•Knows a lot of thing
that are valuable in
life.
•He can put his
knowledge into
practice.
•He knows what should be
done. He knows what is
good and what is OUGHT
to be done in a given
situation.
 Umbrella Discipline

Philosophy
Queen of all Sciences
 Five General Types
• Thematic Types: according to the topic of the issues being
addressed.
• Positional Types: according to the solution that is being
proposed for a certain issue.
• Methodological Types: according to method used to
resolve a certain issue.
• Regional Types: according to the geographical location in
which philosophizing transpires or flourishes.
• Historical Types: according to the historical period in which
philosophizing occurred.
 Thematic Types
Branch of Philosophy Topic of philosophical Some main Concern
Investigation

Logic Reasoning The distinction between correct

and incorrect forms of
reasoning

Epistemology Knowledge The kinds, sources and

conditions of knowledge

Metaphysics Reality, Whether reality consists of

physical objects only, of
existence nonphysical objects only or of
both physical and nonphysical
objects

Ethics Morality The appropriate moral

principles, meanings of moral
judgment

Aesthetics Beauty Criteria for judgments about

beauty
Social and Political The state Legitimizing the state,
Philosophy limits of the state’s
political power, social and
distributive justice
Philosophy of Science Science Difference between
scientific and nonscientific
statements, induction.
Philosophy of Religion Religious belief Meaning of religious
statements, existence of
God, problem of evil
Philosophy of Language Meaning of linguistic Meaning of proper names,
expressions definite descriptions and
psychological statements.
Philosophy of Mind Mind Whether mind is physical
or not, properties of the
mind, possibility of
artificial intelligence.
 Positional types
Branch of Philosophy Some Philosophical Views
Metaphysics Materialism, idealism, dualism, monism,
pluralism

Epistemology Rationalism, empiricism, critical

philosophy, pragmatism

Ethics Consequentialism, Deontology, Virtue

Ethics

Social and Political Philosophy Socialism, liberalism, capitalism, social

contractarianism

Logic Intensional Logic, extensional logic,

Aristotelian logic, mathematical logic.

Philosophy of Religion Atheism, Theism (monotheism,

polytheism, pantheism, panatheism),
religious pluralism
Aesthetics Platonic Aesthetics, Humean
Aestheticcs, Kantian Aesthetics,
Postmodern Aesthetics, Feminist
Aesthetics

Philosophy of Language Ideal-Language Philosophy,

referential Theory of Meaning, Use
Theory of Meaning, Speech Act
Theory
Philosophy of Mind Dualism, materialism, physicalism,
functionalism, computationalism,
biological naturalism.
Philosophy of Science Realism, Instrumentalism,
Falsificationism, Constructivism,
Inductivism, Reductionism,
Coherentism
 Methodological Types
• Phenomenology – Bracketing or suspension of
judgment
• Hermeneutics – use different forms of textual analysis
as method of interpretation.
• Marxism – uses historical and dialectical materialism.
• Existentialism – the question of life’s meaning.
• Feminism- gender analysis that considers the issue of
gender inequality.
 Regional Types
Western Philosophy Eastern Philosophy
German Philosophy Indian Philosophy
French Philosophy Chinese Philosophy
British Philosophy Japanese Philosophy
Greek Philosophy Filipino Philosophy
American Philosophy
 Historical Types
•Ancient period
•Medieval period
•Modern period
•Contemporary period
 Ancient Philosophy
• Pre – Socratic (Thales – Father of Philosophy,
Anaximander, Anaximenes)
• Socrates (S
• Plato (Student of Socrates)
• Aristotle (Student of Plato and Teacher/Adviser
of Alexander the Great)
• Seneca
Socrates Plato
• Father of Western • Student of Socrates
Philosophy • “Opinion is the
• Socratic Method – medium between
Question and knowledge and
answer. ignorance.”
• “Know thyself.” • Government should
• “The unexamined be governed by
life is not worth Philosopher King
living.”
Aristotle Seneca
• Student of Plato • Major philosophical
• Teacher and adviser figure of the Roman
Imperial Period
of Alexander the
Great. • Stoic Philosopher –
promote maximize
• Scientific method positive emotions,
reduces negative
emotions and helps
individual to hone their
virtues of character.
 Medieval Philosophy
• This is after the ancient period until Renaissance
period. This period dominates the Church
Fathers!
• St. Augustine
• Boethius
• St. Thomas Aquinas
 St. Augustine Boethius
• Believe in a hierarchy • Five elements of true
of being in which God or lasting happiness
was the Supreme are wealth, honor,
Being on whom all power, fame and
other beings, that is, pleasure.
all other links in the • Wrote the book
great chain of being, entitled “On the
were totally Consolation of
dependent. Philosophy.”
 St. Thomas Aquinas
• 5 Proof of God’s existence
• The Unmoved Mover
• The First Cause
• The necessary Being
• The Absolute Being
• The Grand Design
• The intertwined relationship of Faith and Reason
 Modern Philosophy
• This comes after the Medieval period until the late
nineteenth century.
• Rationalist (Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz)
• Empiricist (Hume, Berkeley and Locke)
• Immanuel Kant
• Idealist (Fichte, Schelling and Hegel)
• Schopenhauer
• Nietzsche
 Rationalist
• Reason is the chief source of knowledge.
• Rene Descartes – “Cogito ergo sum.” / I think
therefore I exist.
• Benedictus de Spinoza – “the order and connection
of ideas is the order and connection of things”
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – The principle of
sufficient reason states that everything must have a
reason or a cause.
 Contemporary Philosophy
• From Twentieth century up to the present.
• Heidegger - known for his contribution to
phenomenology and hermeneutics.
• Sartre – “Man is condemned to be free.”
• Wittgenstein – “Language Game”
• Searle – “Mental States are inherently biological.”
• Davidson – One constructs to interpret through
Describing, systematizing and explaining.
 Post Modern Thinkers
•Derrida – “Deconstructionism”
•Foucault – Power / knowledge is constituted
through accepted forms of knowledge, scientific
understanding and truth.”
•Lyotard – analyzes the impact of postmodernity
on the human condition.
Frankfurt School / Critical Theory
•Adorno •Critical Theory is a
•Horkheimer social theory
oriented toward
•Marcuse
critiquing and
•Fromm changing society
•Habermas as a whole.
 Logical Positivists
•Developed by members
•Carnap of Vienna Circle, which
•Schlick considers that the only
meaningful
•Waismann philosophical problems
•Ayer are those which can be
solved by logical
analysis.
Story Telling
•May mga taong gusto raw
matutong lumangoy. Nakasuot-
panlangoy na sila at sama-sama
silang nakatayo sa tabi ng
swimingpul. May notbuk at bolpen
ang bawat isa.
• Nagsalita ang guro. “Una sa lahat,” aniya,
“magsanay ka munang magtampisaw sa tubig,
Tapos huwag huminga pero idilat ang mata at
magpasailalaim ng tubig. Tapos basta’t dumapa.
Huwag matakot. Lulutang ka. Tapos, matutong
gumalaw ng paa, matutong gumalaw ng kamay.
Matutong huminga. At paulit-ulit na pagsikapan
at pagtiyagaan ang praksis.” Habang siyaý
nagsasalita, masipag nilang sinusulat ang lahat
ng sinabi niya.
•“At ngayon,” patuloy niya, “eto ang
swimingpul. Oras nang magsimula.
Lundagin mo beybe!” Walang lumundag,
pero sulat nang sulat pa rin sila. “Hoy, sa
tubig na kayo! Walang kabuluhan ang sulat-
sulat niyo kung hindi ninyo ginagawa.” Wala
pa rin lumulundag. Sulat pa rin sila nang
sulat.
WHAT IS THE
MAIN POINT
OF FERRIOLS?
 ISSUE
•What is your opinion on our justice
system?
•Case 1
• If a politician is arrested because he is guilty
in stealing a large amount of money, what
will be the verdict of our justice system?
What is your opinion on this matter?
•Case 2
•Lolo Narding Floro was arrested
on January 13 for false
accusation but still went to
prison. What is your opinion
regarding this matter?
 Philosophical Reflection
• You are an advocate of Commission of Human Rights and you are
tasked to have a philosophical reflection regarding injustices in our
country that will be presented in the International Convention of
Human Right. Your philosophical reflection should consist of the
following:
• Introduction: A philosophical quotation with your own interpretation
integrated to the issue. This should consist of 5 sentences including
the philosophical quotation.
• The body consist of 10 sentences.