Solar Energy and Radiation Terminologies: Dr. Sudhir Kumar

Solar Energy
and
Radiation Terminologies
Dr. Sudhir Kumar

Chief Executive
Green Energy Solutions, Pune
Mob: +91 96650 20206

drsk22@gmail.com
Common Energy Terms
 Energy: Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical, Renewable
Energy
 What is Electricity?
 Current (Flow): Ampere (A)= One coulomb of
electrical charge (6.24 x 1018 electrons) per second
(C/s)
 Voltage (Population): Volts (V) = the difference of
potential that would carry one ampere of current
against one ohm resistance.
 Power (Rating): Watt (W) = VxA = VXC/s = Joules/s
 kW, MW, kWh, MWh (Capacity of Plant MW or
MWh?)
 PLF, kCal, Downtime, CUF, Outage
 Why W, J, V, A, M are capital?
Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 2
Basics of Solar Energy
Green Energy Solutions 3

Dr. Sudhir Kumar
The Sun
Two Regions
• Inner layers i.e.
interior is a sphere with
radius R = 7x108 miles
– Innner Core
– Radiative Zone and
– Convection Zone
• Outer layers i.e.
atmosphere (from
innermost to outermost)
– Photosphere
– Chromosphere
– Corona

The Sun: Outer Layers
• The photosphere:
– 300 km thick
– 6,000 Degree C
– Covered by
granulation
– Visible wavelengths
• The chromosphere:
• The corona:
– 2000 km thick
– Outermost layer
– 10,000 Degree C
– Extends millions
– Ultraviolet
Kms
wavelengths
– 5,00,000 degrees C
– Seen only during
eclipse – Seen only during
eclipse

Characteristics of the Sun
• Mass (kg): 1.989 x 1030
• Diameter (km): 1.39 x 106
• Mean density (gm/cm3): 1.410
• Mean surface temperature (°C): 6,000
• Age (billion years): 4.5
• Approximate wavelength ranges:

• Ultraviolet : 200 - 400 nm
• Visible : 400 - 800 nm
• Near-Infrared : 800 - 4000 nm
• Infrared : 4000 - 10000 nm
• Approximately 99% : 300 to 3000 nm
• Approximately 45% : 400 to 800 nm

Radiation Types
• The Sun Emits energy:

• Electromagnetic radiation
• At an extremely large and relatively constant rate
• Utilization: Heat, Light & UV
• Outer space: 1367.7 W/m²
• On earth surface: 1000 W/m2
• Direct radiation
• Diffuse radiation
• Global radiation: Direct + Diffuse

Solar Radiation Measurements
• Global
horizontal
irradiance
(GHI):
Pyranometer
• Total:
• Direct + Diffuse
• Useful for PV

• Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI):

Pyrheliometer
• Direct on perpendicular surface
• Useful for Reflectors, CSP
• Solar insolation - Total amount of solar energy
received at a particular location during a specified
time period
• Unit: kWh/m2/day
• Power project :
• CSP min. 1800 kWh/m2/yr (Reported)
• SPV min. 1500 kWh/m2/yr (Suggested)
• Micro-grid: No standard
• Actual ground data: Not always available
• Derived data: NASA, METONORM, GeoModel

Solar Radiation Map: GHI
Ideal: > 1500 kWh/m2/yr, Maharashtra: > 2000 kWh/m2/yr (Good)

Solar Radiation Map: DNI
Ideal: > 1800 kWh/m2/yr, Maharashtra: > 1900 kWh/m2/yr (Avg.)

Solar Radiation Terminologies

• Radiant energy: Energy emitted in the form of
electromagnetic radiation. Measured in joules (J)
• Radiant flux: Rate of flow of radiant energy w. r. t.

time (Watt)
• Insolation: The actual amount of sunlight falling on

a specific geographical location (incident solar
radiation)
• Irradiance (E): Radiant energy incident on a

surface per unit area per unit time (Watt/m2),
(J/m2/sec) more popular kWh/m2/day

Direct solar radiation:
• Reaches the Earth's surface

without being diffused, direct
beam
• Atmospheric conditions reduce:
– 10% on clear, dry days
– 100% during thick, cloudy days
• Measured by Pyrheliometer
Diffuse solar radiation:
• Radiation scattered and reflected

by:
– Air molecules (Rayleigh scattering),
– Water vapour (Mia Scattering),
– Clouds, dust, pollutants,
– Forest fires and volcanoes

Global Radiation:
• The sum of the diffuse and direct solar radiation
• Measured by pyranometer
• The measured global horizontal solar irradiance is
Igh= Ibn cos θc + Idh
Where,
• Ibn - irradiance coming directly from the sun’s
disk, measured normal to the rays and
• Idh - diffuse radiation falling on a horizontal
surface
• θc - Solar zenith angle at the mid-time between
sunrise and solar noon for the monthly
average day
Terrestrial radiation
• Long wave radiation emitted by the earth surface
back into the atmosphere
• Most of it is absorbed by the water vapour in the
atmosphere, while less than 10 % is radiated
directly into space.
Extra-terrestrial radiation
• Solar radiation outside of the earth's atmosphere
• The top of the atmosphere - 40 km from the earth's
surface.
Clearness index:
• Ratio of global horizontal solar radiation to the
extraterrestrial horizontal solar radiation
KT = Hth / Hoh
Earth Sun Angles
Solar altitude angle (h):
Angle between the radiation
from the sun and its
projection on horizontal
plane.
Zenith angle (z):

Angle between the radiation
from the sun and line
perpendicular to the
horizontal plane
Solar azimuth angle (A):

Angle, measured clockwise on
the horizontal plane, from
the north-pointing coordinate
axis to the projection of the
sun’s central ray

Air mass
Ratio of the distance that solar radiation travels through
the earth’s atmosphere (path length), to the distance
(path length) it would travel if the sun were directly
overhead.
Different Spectrum:
• AM 0 - Outside atmosphere
• AM 1 - At the zenith
• AM 1.5 - At 48°
• AM 2 - At 60°
Standard Spectrum:
•AM 1.5
•25 °C
•1,000 W/m2
•For solar cell
efficiency

Solar Technology Options
Solar Photovoltaic Electricity Generation
• Convert sunlight falling on PV cell into D.C.
electricity
• Solar Thermal Direct Application

• Water/ air heating
• Process steam generation
Solar Thermal Electricity Generation

• Solar energy is focused through mirrors to
heat working fluid
• Heated working fluid produce steam
• Drive a turbine-generator to produce
electricity
Winter or Summer Optimization
L+15
Latitude
Radiation
L-15
W/m2
June January May

THANK YOU
Dr. Sudhir Kumar, Chief Executive,

Green Energy Solutions,
8/15, Mazda Deluxe Homes, Porwal Park, Tank Road,
Off: Alandi Road, Yerwada, Pune - 411006, India.
Cell No. +91-9665020206, E-mail: drsk22@gmail.com

Solar Energy and Radiation Terminologies: Dr. Sudhir Kumar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solar Energy and Radiation Terminologies: Dr. Sudhir Kumar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solar Energy and Radiation Terminologies: Dr. Sudhir Kumar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solar Energy

Dr. Sudhir Kumar

Mob: +91 96650 20206

Green Energy Solutions 3

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 4

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 5

• Approximate wavelength ranges:

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 6

• The Sun Emits energy:

• Utilization: Heat, Light & UV

• Outer space: 1367.7 W/m²

• On earth surface: 1000 W/m2

• Global radiation: Direct + Diffuse

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 9

• Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI):

• Actual ground data: Not always available

• Derived data: NASA, METONORM, GeoModel

Ideal: > 1500 kWh/m2/yr, Maharashtra: > 2000 kWh/m2/yr (Good)

Ideal: > 1800 kWh/m2/yr, Maharashtra: > 1900 kWh/m2/yr (Avg.)

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 14

• Radiant flux: Rate of flow of radiant energy w. r. t.

• Insolation: The actual amount of sunlight falling on

• Irradiance (E): Radiant energy incident on a

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 15

Direct solar radiation:

• Reaches the Earth's surface

Diffuse solar radiation:

• Radiation scattered and reflected

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 17

Zenith angle (z):

Solar azimuth angle (A):

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 20

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 21

• Solar Thermal Direct Application

Solar Thermal Electricity Generation

June January May

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 23

Dr. Sudhir Kumar, Chief Executive,

Green Energy Solutions Dr. Sudhir Kumar 24

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.