Lucture 1 RET

Marks
Corse
Course name
code Year’s
Lab Practical Written Total
works
Renewable
REN213 Energy 30 30 30 60 150
Technology
*Solar
*Wind
*Hydroelectric
*Geothermal
*Biofuels
Lecture 1
Dr. Mohamed Hassan

➢ What are renewable energy
resources?
➢ What are some examples of

renewable energy resources?
➢ Which renewable energy

resources do we use in the Egypt?
Why RENEWABLES
Egypt uses renewable energy resources to generate heat and electricity.
Put these renewables in order from largest to smallest contributors to
electricity generation.
Renewable Energy
No harmful gases ‫▪ ال ينتج عنها غازات ضارة‬
No Co2 nor methane (CH4) ‫ او الميثان‬Co2 ‫▪ ال ينتج عنها غاز‬

‫▪ ال تسبب ظاهر االحتباس الحرارى‬
No green house effect
‫▪ نظيفة و صديقة للبيئة‬
Clean and environmentally friendly
‫▪ ال تنضب‬
non-depletable
RENEWABLES
❖Renewable energy sources are expected to become economically
competitive as their costs already have fallen significantly
compared with conventional energy sources.
❖In contrast, fossil fuels are stored solar energy from past geological
ages. Even though the quantities of oil, natural gas, and coal are
large, they are finite and for the long term of hundreds of years they
are not sustainable.
RENEWABLES
World Energy Consumption
5%
7%
38%
20 %
30 %
oil Coal Natural gass Hydropower Nuclare

Solar Energy
❖Almost all the renewable energy sources originate entirely from the
sun.
❖Solar radiation emission from the sun into every corner of space
appears in the form of electromagnetic waves that carry energy at
the speed of light.
❖The solar radiation is absorbed, reflected, or diffused by solid

particles in any location of space and especially by the earth
Solar Energy
❖The sun is the source of energy until the end of the earth’s
remaining life (is predicted to be 5×109 years).
❖Fossil fuels, in the form of coal are expected to last for

approximately the next 300 years.
Solar Energy
❖The sum compose of two lightest elements, hydrogen (H) about 70%
of the mass and helium (He) about 27%.
❖It is estimated that the solar radiation intercepted by the earth in 10

days is equivalent to the heat released by all known reserves of
fossil fuels on earth.
❖The utilization of solar energy (Photovoltaic or solar thermal) is a

major option to satisfy the energy needs.
Sun Temperature
Sun Temperature
❖0 -0.23 R (8*106 K - 40*106 K)
❖0.7 R (130,000 K)
❖1 R (6000 K)
The diameter of the sun is D = 1.39×106 km.
Sun temperature
Sun –Earth Relationships
Solar constant
The sun’s radiation is subject to many absorbing, diffusing, and reflecting effects
within the earth’s atmosphere which is about 10 km average thick
The solar constant, Io , (W/m2), is the energy from the sun per unit time per unit
area of surface perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the radiation.
I0 = 1367 W/m2
Solar constant
I0 = 1367 W/m2
Variation of the earth-sun distance, however, does lead to variation of

extraterrestrial radiation flux in the range of ±3.3%. The dependence of
extraterrestrial radiation on time of year is shown in Figure
Solar constant
I0 = 1367 W/m2
Extraterrestrial solar radiation
The change in extraterrestrial solar radiation can be calculated by taking

into account the astronomical facts according to the following formula:
360 𝑛)
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 ∗ 1 + 0.033𝑐𝑜𝑠 (1)
365
Where n is the number of the day corresponding to a given date. It is defined as the number of
days of the year (starting from 1 on 1 January to 365 on 31 December).
I = is the radiant power density outside the Earth's atmosphere (in W/m 2)
Extraterrestrial solar radiation
Monthly variation of extraterrestrial solar radiation

Energy balance of the earth
Energy balance of the earth

Solar radiation
Beam Radiation (I, G)The solar radiation received from the sun
without having been scattered by the atmosphere.
Diffuse Radiation The solar radiation received from the sun

after its direction as been changed by scattering by the
atmosphere.
Total Solar Radiation The sum of the beam and the diffuse solar
radiation on a surface.
(The most common measurements of solar radiation are total radiation on a

horizontal surface, often referred to as global radiation on the surface.)
Solar radiation composition (solar spectrum )
➢ Ultraviolet range: 100– 400 nm. Ultraviolet radiation is of higher frequency. very
little of it passes through the atmosphere to reach the Earth’s surface since it is
absorbed by the ozone layer
➢ Visible light: 400 –700 nm. This range is visible to the naked eye.
➢ Infrared radiation: 700 nm– 2500 nm. It is this region that is largely responsible for
the heating effect of the sunlight.
Measuring solar radiation
Instruments for measuring solar radiation are of two
basic types:
A pyrheliometer is an instrument using a tracking unit for
measuring solar beam radiation from the sun and at normal
incidence.
A pyranometer is an instrument for measuring total hemispherical

solar (beam plus diffuse) radiation, usually on a horizontal surface.
If shaded from the beam radiation by a shade ring or disc, a

pyranometer measures diffuse radiation.
Measuring solar radiation
Schematic diagram illustrate a) the pyranometer and b) the pyrheliometer

Type of pyranometers
Pyranometers are classified into two types :
▪ Thermopile pyranometers . (300 -2800 nm)

Thermopile pyranometers are devices that have junctions of dissimilar metals in contact
with a painted black surface that absorbs solar radiation ( “hot” junction) and a separate
surface that does not absorb solar radiation (“cold” junction). They measure irradiance
indirectly by measuring the temperature difference between these two surfaces.
▪ Photodiode pyranometer. (silicon pyranometer). (400-900 nm)

It converts incident photons to electrons through the photovoltaic effect, and then these
electrons generate a measurable electric current,
Pyranometer.
➢ The Kipp & Zonen pyranometer uses a 40-junction constantan-manganin
thermopile with hot junctions heated by radiation and cold junctions in good
thermal contact with the case.
➢ Measuring wave length: 0.3~2.8 μm.
➢ Sensitivity: 7.0 mV / (kW/m2). Time repones :up to 30 millisecond

Pyranometer.
➢ Silicon cell solar radiation sensor models are excellent for applications that
do not require the higher accuracy and cost of a thermopile pyranometer.
➢ It converts incident photons to electrons through the photovoltaic effect.
➢ Then these electrons generate a measurable electric current, same as PV

Panel.
➢ Measuring wave length: 0.36~1.12 μm.
➢ Useful for precise characterization of the PV

performance.
➢ Time response : Milliseconds, it matches with PV

response.
Pyrheliometer.
The main components of a pyrheliometer are
➢ A quartz window.
➢ A black absorber.
➢ A thermopile.
➢ The pyrheliometer tube.
Measuring diffuse radiation
Pyranometer with shading ball Pyranometer with shading ring

to eliminate beam radiation to eliminate beam radiation
Devices installation.
Handheld solar meters
Solar radiation meter UV light meter

Solar Time
Solar Time: Time based on the apparent angular motion of the
sun across the sky with solar noon the time the sun crosses the
meridian of the observer.
➢ Solar time is the time used in all of the sun-angle relationships; it does not coincide
with local clock time.
➢ It is necessary to convert standard time to solar time by applying two corrections.
Solar time= standard time + 4(Lst− Lloc) + E (2)

Solar Time
Solar time = standard time + 4(Lst− Lloc) + E
Lst is the standard meridian for the local time zone.
Lloc is the longitude of the location.
E is the equation of time (in minutes) from the next Equation.

or next figure.
E = 229.2(0.000075 + 0.001868 cosB − 0.032077 sinB− 0.014615 cos 2B

− 0.04089 sin 2B)
B = (n − 1)(360/365)
Table 1. number of days of the year
Solar Time
The equation of time E in minutes as a function of time of year

Solar Time Example
Example
At Marsa Matrouh, Egypt, what is the solar time corresponding
to 10:30 AM central time on February 12?
Solution
For Marsa Matrouh Lloc = 27º

L st = 30º
E from figure = -14.5 min at February 12
Solar time = standard time + 4(Lst− Lloc) + E

=10:30+ 4(30-27)-14.5 =10:28 am
Sun observation
Earth’s 0rbit

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Marks

Dr. Mohamed Hassan

➢ What are some examples of

➢ Which renewable energy

No Co2 nor methane (CH4) ‫ او الميثان‬Co2 ‫▪ ال ينتج عنها غاز‬

oil Coal Natural gass Hydropower Nuclare

❖The solar radiation is absorbed, reflected, or diffused by solid

❖Fossil fuels, in the form of coal are expected to last for

❖It is estimated that the solar radiation intercepted by the earth in 10

❖The utilization of solar energy (Photovoltaic or solar thermal) is a

The diameter of the sun is D = 1.39×106 km.

Variation of the earth-sun distance, however, does lead to variation of

The change in extraterrestrial solar radiation can be calculated by taking

Monthly variation of extraterrestrial solar radiation

Energy balance of the earth

Diffuse Radiation The solar radiation received from the sun

(The most common measurements of solar radiation are total radiation on a

A pyranometer is an instrument for measuring total hemispherical

If shaded from the beam radiation by a shade ring or disc, a

Schematic diagram illustrate a) the pyranometer and b) the pyrheliometer

▪ Thermopile pyranometers . (300 -2800 nm)

▪ Photodiode pyranometer. (silicon pyranometer). (400-900 nm)

➢ Measuring wave length: 0.3~2.8 μm.

➢ Sensitivity: 7.0 mV / (kW/m2). Time repones :up to 30 millisecond

➢ Then these electrons generate a measurable electric current, same as PV

➢ Measuring wave length: 0.36~1.12 μm.

➢ Useful for precise characterization of the PV

➢ Time response : Milliseconds, it matches with PV

Pyranometer with shading ball Pyranometer with shading ring

Solar radiation meter UV light meter

➢ It is necessary to convert standard time to solar time by applying two corrections.

Solar time= standard time + 4(Lst− Lloc) + E (2)

Lst is the standard meridian for the local time zone.

Lloc is the longitude of the location.

E is the equation of time (in minutes) from the next Equation.

E = 229.2(0.000075 + 0.001868 cosB − 0.032077 sinB− 0.014615 cos 2B

The equation of time E in minutes as a function of time of year

For Marsa Matrouh Lloc = 27º

Solar time = standard time + 4(Lst− Lloc) + E

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