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Linear Circuit Analysis

The document discusses power and energy, defining power as the rate at which energy is expended or absorbed, measured in Watts. It explains that the sign (positive or negative) of the power being absorbed or supplied by an electrical element depends on the relationship between the voltage and current based on the passive sign convention. The document also provides an overview of circuit elements, distinguishing between passive elements like resistors and active elements like batteries. It defines independent voltage and current sources as ideal active elements that maintain a constant voltage or current regardless of the current or voltage across the element.

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waqar ahmed khokhar
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37 views

Linear Circuit Analysis

The document discusses power and energy, defining power as the rate at which energy is expended or absorbed, measured in Watts. It explains that the sign (positive or negative) of the power being absorbed or supplied by an electrical element depends on the relationship between the voltage and current based on the passive sign convention. The document also provides an overview of circuit elements, distinguishing between passive elements like resistors and active elements like batteries. It defines independent voltage and current sources as ideal active elements that maintain a constant voltage or current regardless of the current or voltage across the element.

Uploaded by

waqar ahmed khokhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER AND

ENERGY
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in Watts (W).

The power p is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power. Thus, the power
absorbed or supplied by an element is the product of the voltage across the element and the
current through it. If the power has a + sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the
element. If, on the other hand, the power has a - sign, power is being supplied by the element.
But how do we know when the power has a negative or a positive sign?
Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in determining the sign of power. It is
therefore important that we pay attention to the relationship between current i and voltage v. The
voltage polarity and current direction must conform with those shown in Fig. 1.8(a) for the
power to have a positive sign. This is known as the passive sign convention. By the passive sign
convention, current enters through the positive polarity of the voltage. In this case, p = +vi or vi
> 0 implies that the element is absorbing power. However, if p = -vi or vi < 0,
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
an element is the basic building block of a circuit. An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements.
Circuit analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or the currents through) the elements of the circuit.
There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive elements and active elements. An active element is capable
of generating energy while a passive element is not. Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Typical active elements include generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers. Our aim in this section is to gain familiarity
with some important active elements. The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that generally deliver
power to the circuit connected to them. There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent sources.

In other words, an ideal independent voltage source delivers to the circuit whatever current is necessary to maintain its
terminal voltage. Physical sources such as batteries and generators may be regarded as approximations to ideal voltage sources.
Figure 1.11 shows the symbols for independent voltage sources. Notice that both symbols in Fig. 1.11(a) and (b)
can be used to represent a dc voltage source, but only the symbol in Fig. 1.11(a) can be used for a time-varying
voltage source. Similarly, an ideal independent current source is an active element that provides a specified
current completely independent of the voltage across the source. That is, the current source delivers to the circuit
whatever voltage is necessary to maintain the designated current. The symbol for an independent current source
is displayed in Fig. 1.12, where the arrow indicates the direction of current i. i

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