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    Thermochem Thermodynamics

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    Vincent Flora
    Global warming is occurring due to human activities that release greenhouse gases. This is causing the planet to warm to dangerous levels which will have severe consequences if left unaddressed. Action must be taken now through policies that transition us to renewable energy and reduce emissions to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change.

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    Thermochem Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Vincent Flora
    30 views25 pages
    Global warming is occurring due to human activities that release greenhouse gases. This is causing the planet to warm to dangerous levels which will have severe consequences if left unaddressed. Action must be taken now through policies that transition us to renewable energy and reduce emissions to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change.

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    Thermochem-Thermodynamics

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    Global warming is occurring due to human activities that release greenhouse gases. This is causing the planet to warm to dangerous levels which will have severe consequences if left unaddressed. Action must be taken now through policies that transition us to renewable energy and reduce emissions to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views25 pages

    Thermochem Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Vincent Flora
    Global warming is occurring due to human activities that release greenhouse gases. This is causing the planet to warm to dangerous levels which will have severe consequences if left unaddressed. Action must be taken now through policies that transition us to renewable energy and reduce emissions to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    THERMOCHEMISTRY

    THERMODYNAMICS
    THERMOCHEMISTRY
    A branch of chemistry that focuses on the relationship
    of heat and chemical reactions.
    Energy (physics) is the ability to do work.
    In chemistry, energy is not only utilized in physical
    activities, but also in chemical reactions.
    Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is
    neither created nor destroyed, but is converted from
    one form to another.
    Energy and Its Forms
    Kinetic – energy in motion
    Potential – energy at rest
    Mechanical – results from physical work
    Radiant or Light – results from electromagnetic waves
    Electrical – comes from moving charge
    Thermal or Heat- comes from the constant motion of
    molecules
    Chemical – stored within the structure units of
    substances
    Nuclear – comes from nuclear reactions
    Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
    Heat is defined as the transfer between the system
    and its surroundings due to a temperature difference.
    System is the part of the universe being studied.
    Surroundings is the part of the universe outside the
    system separated by a boundary.
    Classification of System
    Open system allows the transfer of mass and energy.
    For example, hot water in a cup evaporates and
    eventually cools to the surroundings temperature
    Isolated system do not allow the transfer of mass and
    energy . Example is the contents of a leak proof
    thermos bottle
    Closed system allow the flow of energy but not mass.
    An example is a closed bottle containing hot coffee
    Exothermic / Endothermic
    The process of transferring heat from the system to
    the surroundings is known as exothermic process.
    For example, burning of wood.
    If the flow of heat is from the surroundings to the
    system, it is known as endothermic process. For
    example, melting of ice.
    THERMODYNAMICS
    THERMODYNAMICS
    The study of the relationship between heat and other
    forms of energy.
    FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS is similar to
    the law of conservation of energy. It measures the
    change in internal energy (∆E). Mathematically, it is
    expressed as:
    ∆E = q + w
    Wherein:
    q = heat w = work
    In solving problems, the following sign convention must
    be used:
    Energy entering a system is positive
    Heat absorbed by the system (+)
    Work done on the system (+)
    Energy leaving a system is negative
    Heat given off by the system (-)
    Work done by the system (-)
    Example
    1. What is the change in internal energy of a system
    that absorbs 523 J of heat and does 452 J of work as a
    result?
    Solution:
    Given: heat added to the system ,q= +523 J
    work done by the system,w = - 452 J
    Computation: ∆E = q + w
    = 523 J + (-425 J )
    = 98 J Endothermic
    2. A system receives 450 kJ of heat from its surroundings
    and the surroundings do 50.0 kJ of work on the
    system. What is the change in internal energy?
    Solution: Because heat is received by the system (Q is
    +), and work is done on the system ( w is +), so
    ∆E = Q + w
    = 450 kJ + 50.0 kJ
    = 500 kJ
    Assignment
    Answer Activity 3.2 p.74
    Nos. 1, 4 and 5 only
    HOW CAN WE
    MEASURE HEAT?
    CALORIMETER
    Calorimetry is the measurement of the heat released
    or absorbed during a physical or chemical process. It is
    carried out within a device called calorimeter.

    Calorimeter is an insulator apparatus that contains


    water or any liquid of known heat capacity.
    HEAT CAPACITY
    ● When a systems absorbs or releases energy,
    the kinetic energy of the molecules also changes.
    ○ temperature change → thermometer

    ● To calculate the amount of heat transferred


    ○ amount of matter
    ○ heat capacity of the system
    Heat Capacity ( C )
    ● the amount of energy needed to change the
    temperature of a given substance

    ● unit: J/K or J/oC

    ● two ways:
    ○ specific heat capacity (c)
    ○ molar heat capacity (cmol)
    Specific Heat Capacity (c)
    ● the amount of energy needed to raise
    the temperature of 1 gram of a given substance
    by 1 oC or 1 K.

    ● unit: J/(g∙K) or J/(g∙oC)


    ● e.g., c of H2O, = 4.186 J/(g∙oC)
    Molar Heat Capacity (cmol)
    ● the amount of energy needed to raise
    the temperature of 1 mole of a given
    substance by 1 oC or 1 K.

    ● unit: J/(mol∙K) or J/(mol∙oC)


    ● e.g., cmol of H2O, = 75.3 J/(mol∙oC)
    Heat of Reaction (qrxn)
    The quantity of heat exchanged between a system
    and its surroundings when a chemical reaction
    occurs at constant temperature
    When Tfinal > Tinitial, then ∆T will be positive.

    When Tfinal < Tinitial, then ∆T will be negative.


    Let’s Practice !
    1. Calculate the heat change involved when
    2000.0 g of water is heated from 20.0 oC to 99.7
    o
    C in an electric kettle. The specific heat of
    water is 4.18 J/(g∙°C).
    Solution
    Given:
    m= 2000.0 g c= 4.18 J/(g 0C)
    Tf = 99.70C q=?
    Ti = 20.00C
    q = mc∆T
    = 2000.0g X (4.18 J/(g0C) X (99.7 0C – 20.0 0C)
    = 666,292 J
    Let’s Practice !
    2. A student uses 225 mL of hot water in a lab
    procedure. Calculate the amount of heat
    required to raise the temperature of 225 mL of
    water from 20.0 oC to 100.0 oC. The specific heat
    of water is 4.18 J/(g∙°C).
    Solution
    Given:
    V= 225 mL m=DXV
    Tf = 100.0 0C = 1 g/mL (225 mL) = 225 g
    Ti = 20.0 0C q=?

    q = mc∆T
    = 225 g X (4.18 J/(g0C) X (100.0 0C – 20.00C)
    = 75,240 J
    PERFORMANCE TASK
    Write a position paper supporting the theory that our
    world has entered the period of global warming.
    Discuss the implications of global warming.
    Submission: March 15, 2023

    Position paper is an essay that presents an opinion


    about an issue. It includes a brief introduction
    followed by a comprehensive facts/theories about the
    topic

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