Power Electronics: Eng. Ameen Quran

POWER ELECTRONICS
Eng. Ameen Quran

1
Introduction
• POWER ELECTRONICS
• Power electronics circuits convert electric power from one
form to another using electronic devices.
• Power electronics circuits function by using semiconductor
devices as switches, thereby controlling or modifying a
voltage or current.
• Applications of power electronics range from high-power
conversion equipment such as dc power transmission to
everyday appliances, such as cordless screwdrivers, power
supplies for computers, cell phone chargers, and hybrid
cars .
POWER ELECTRONICS
• Power electronics includes applications in which
circuits process milliwatts or megawatts.
• Typical applications of power electronics include
conversion of ac to dc, conversion of dc to ac,
conversion of an unregulated dc voltage to
a regulated dc voltage, and conversion of an ac
power source from one amplitude and frequency
to another amplitude and frequency.
POWER ELECTRONICS
• The design of power conversion equipment includes
many corrections from electrical engineering.
• Power electronics includes applications of circuit
theory, control theory, electronics, electromagnetics,
microprocessors (for control), and heat transfer.
Advances in semiconductor switching capability
combined with the desire to improve the efficiency
and performance of electrical devices have made
• Power electronics an important and fast-growing area
in electrical engineering.
CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION
• The objective of a power electronics circuit is to
match the voltage and current requirements of
the load to those of the source.
• Power electronics circuits convert one type or
level of a voltage or current waveform to
another and are hence called converters.
• Converters serve as an interface between the
source and load (Fig. 1-1).
Figure 1-1 A source and load interfaced by a power electronics converter.

• Converters are classified by the relationship between input
and output:
 ac input/dc output
• The ac-dc converter produces a dc output from an ac input.
• Average power is transferred from an ac source to a dc load.
• The ac-dc converter is specifically classified as a rectifier. For
example, an ac-dc converter enables integrated circuits to
operate from a 60-Hz ac line voltage by converting the ac
signal to a dc signal of the appropriate voltage.
 dc input/ac output
• The dc-ac converter is specifically classified as an
inverter.
• In the inverter, average power flows from the dc side
to the ac side.
• Examples of inverter applications include producing
a 120-V rms 60-Hz voltage from a 12-V battery and
interfacing an alternative energy source such as an
array of solar cells to an electric utility.
 dc input/dc output
• The dc-dc converter is useful when a load
requires a specified (often regulated) dc
voltage or current but the source is at a
different or unregulated dc value.
• For example, 5 V may be obtained from a 12-V
source via a dc-dc converter.
 ac input/ac output
• The ac-ac converter may be used to change
the level and/or frequency of an ac signal.
• Examples include a common light-dimmer
circuit and speed control of an induction
motor.
• Some converter circuits can operate in different
modes, depending on circuit and control
parameters.
• For example, some rectifier circuits can be
operated as inverters by modifying the control
on the semiconductor devices.
• In such cases, it is the direction of average
power flow that determines the converter
classification.
• In Fig. 1-2, if the battery is charged from the ac
power source, the converter is classified as a
rectifier.
• If the operating parameters of the converter
are changed and the battery acts as a source
supplying power to the ac system, the
converter is then classified as an inverter.
Figure 1-2 A converter can operate as a rectifier or an inverter, depending on the direction of
average power P.
• Power conversion can be a multistep process
involving more than one type of converter.
• For example, an ac-dc-ac conversion can be
used to modify an ac source by first converting
it to direct current and then converting the dc
signal to an ac signal that has an amplitude
and frequency different from those of the
original ac source, as illustrated in Fig. 1-3.
Figure 1-3 Two converters are used in a multistep process.

POWER ELECTRONICS CONCEPTS
• To illustrate some concepts in power electronics,

consider the design problem of creating a 3-V dc
voltage level from a 9-V battery.
• The purpose is to supply 3 V to a load resistance.
One simple solution is to use a voltage divider,
as shown in Fig. 1-4. For a load resistor R L,
inserting a series resistance of 2RL results in 3 V
across RL.
Figure 1-4 A simple voltage divider for creating 3 V from a 9-V source.
• A problem with this solution is that the power

absorbed by the 2RL resistor is twice as much
as delivered to the load and is lost as heat,
making the circuit only 33.3 percent efficient.
• Another problem is that if the value of the
load resistance changes, the output voltage
will change unless the 2RL resistance changes
proportionally.
• A solution to that problem could be to use a

transistor in place of the 2RL resistance.
• The transistor would be controlled such that
the voltage across it is maintained at 6 V, thus
regulating the output at 3 V. However, the
same low-efficiency problem is encountered
with this solution.
• To arrive at a more desirable design solution,

consider the circuit in Fig. 1-5a.
Figure 1-5 (a) A switched circuit; (b) a pulsed voltage waveform.

• In that circuit, a switch is opened and closed

periodically.
• The switch is a short circuit when it is closed
and an open circuit when it is open, making the
voltage across RL equal to 9 V when the switch
is closed and 0 V when the switch is open.
• The resulting voltage across RL will be like that
of Fig. 1-5b.
• This voltage is clearly not a constant dc

voltage, but if the switch is closed for one-
third of the period, the average value of vx
(denoted as Vx) is one-third of the source
voltage.
• Average value is computed from the equation
• Considering efficiency of the circuit, instantaneous power

absorbed by the switch is the product of voltage and
current.
• When the switch is open, power absorbed by it is zero
because the current in it is zero.
• When the switch is closed, power absorbed by it is zero
because the voltage across it is zero.
• Since power absorbed by the switch is zero for both open
and closed conditions, all power supplied by the 9-V source
is delivered to RL, making the circuit 100 percent efficient.
• The circuit so far does not accomplish the design

object of creating a dc voltage of 3 V. However,
the voltage waveform vx can be expressed as a
Fourier series containing a dc term (the average
value) plus sinusoidal terms at frequencies that
are multiples of the pulse frequency.
• To create a 3-V dc voltage, vx is applied to a low-
pass filter.
• An ideal low-pass filter allows the dc

component of voltage to pass through to the
output while removing the ac terms, thus
creating the desired dc output.
• If the filter is lossless, the converter will be
100 percent efficient.
Figure 1-6 A low-pass filter allows just the average value of v x to pass through to the load
• In practice, the filter will have some losses and

will absorb some power.
• Additionally, the electronic device used for the
switch will not be perfect and will have losses.
However, the efficiency of the converter can
still be very high (more than 90 percent).
• The required values of the filter components

can be made smaller with higher switching
frequencies, making large switching
frequencies desirable.
• The “switch” in this example will be some
electronic device such as a Metal-Oxide Field-
Effect Transistors (MOSFET), or it may be
comprised of more than one electronic device.
• The power conversion process usually involves

system control.
• Converter output quantities such as voltage
and current are measured, and operating
parameters are adjusted to maintain the
desired output.
• For example, if the 9-V battery in the example

in Fig. 1-6 decreased to 6 V, the switch would
have to be closed 50 percent of the time to
maintain an average value of 3 V for vx.
• A feedback control system would detect if the
output voltage were not 3 V and adjust the
closing and opening of the switch accordingly,
as illustrated in Fig. 1-7.
Figure 1-7 Feedback is used to control the switch and maintain the desired output voltage.

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Eng. Ameen Quran

Figure 1-1 A source and load interfaced by a power electronics converter.

Figure 1-3 Two converters are used in a multistep process.

• To illustrate some concepts in power electronics,

• A problem with this solution is that the power

• A solution to that problem could be to use a

• To arrive at a more desirable design solution,

Figure 1-5 (a) A switched circuit; (b) a pulsed voltage waveform.

• In that circuit, a switch is opened and closed

• This voltage is clearly not a constant dc

• Considering efficiency of the circuit, instantaneous power

• The circuit so far does not accomplish the design

• An ideal low-pass filter allows the dc

• In practice, the filter will have some losses and

• The required values of the filter components

• The power conversion process usually involves

• For example, if the 9-V battery in the example

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