ANTI LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

Presented by
K. Sharath Babu
160119736303
VIII Sem, Mechanical
 WHAT IS ABS ?
 Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety system in motor vehicles which

prevents the wheels from locking up during braking. It lets you control or steer
the vehicle while the brakes remain applied, and also reduces the braking
distance.
 INTRODUCTION
 During severe braking or on slippery surfaces, wheels approach lockup which

causes loss of traction and vehicle control, which in turn reduces steering
ability to change the direction.
 Anti-lock Braking System is designed to maintain vehicle control, directional

stability and optimum deceleration under severe braking conditions.

 It does so by monitoring the rotational speed of each wheel and controlling the

brake line pressure to each wheel during braking. This prevents the wheels
from locking up.
 THEORY
 When the car brakes (normally ) wheels exert a forward force on the street which
less than maximum static sliding friction

 If the driver brakes veryhard it can occur that the maximum static friction is
surpassed and the wheels lose their grip and begin sliding

 The amount of traction which

can be obtained for an auto tire is
determined by the coefficient of
static friction between the tire and
the road. If the wheel is locked and
sliding, the force of friction is determined
by the coefficient of kinetic friction

A tire that is just on the verge of slipping produces more friction with respect to the road than one which is
locked and skidding . So locked wheels are less effective in stopping on a road


But in gravel, sand and deep snow, locked wheels dig in and stop the vehicle more quickly. A locked tire allows a
small wedge of snow to build up ahead of it which allows it to stop in a somewhat shorter distance than a rolling
tire.


When tire does not slip, it
will roll only in the direction
it turns. But once it skids,
regardless of the angle of the
front wheels, the vehicle
continues to skid in whatever
direction its momentum sends
it until either the driver releases
the brakes.
 COMPONENTS OF ABS

ABS consists of –
 Wheel speed sensors

 Controller unit

 Hydraulic modulator Unit

 Braking system
Wheel Speed Sensors
 The purpose of the wheel speed sensor is to monitor speed of each wheel and

then to determine the acceleration and deceleration of the wheels.

 Electro-magnetic or Hall-effect pulse pickups with toothed wheels mounted

directly on the rotating components of the driver train or wheel hubs.

 As the wheel turns the toothed wheel(pulse ring) generates an AC voltage at

the wheel-speed sensor.

 The voltage frequency is directly proportional

to the wheel’s rotational speed.

Electronic Controller Unit
 The ECU gets the information from all the wheels and then control or limit the

brake force to the each wheel.

 The electronic control unit receives, amplifies and filters the sensor signals for

calculating the wheel rotational speed and acceleration.

 ABS is usually implemented in ECU.

 ECU assists the vehicle operator to prevent wheel lockup by regulating the

wheel slip.
Hydraulic Modular Unit
 The hydraulic pressure modulator is an electro-hydraulic device for reducing,

holding and restoring the pressure of the wheel brakes by manipulating the
solenoid valves in the hydraulic brake system.
 Hydraulic unit actuates the brakes by increasing the hydraulic pressure or

bypassing the pedal force to reduce the braking power.

 Depending on the design, this device may include a pump, motor assembly,

accumulator and reservoir

Braking System
 Brake System components consists of a master cylinder and four wheel
cylinders.
 When the brake pedal is pressed the piston in the master cylinder forces the
liquid out of the cylinder.
 This liquid presses the two pistons in the wheel cylinders outwards. These two
pistons push the brake shoes outwards.
 When the pedal is pressed the primary piston moves to the left.
 When it crosses the bypass port the liquid is forced along the pipe lines to the
wheel cylinders.
 When the pedal is released the
primary piston is moved backwards,
it is the spring which pushes the
piston backwards.
 HOW ABS WORKS
 When a wheel lockup is detected or eminent, ECU commands HCU to release

the brake pressure to allow the wheel velocity to increase and the wheel slip to
decrease.
 Once the wheel velocity spins up, ECU re-applies the brake pressure to confine

the wheel slip to a predetermined value or interval.

 HCU controls hydraulic brake pressure to each disc brake caliper or wheel

cylinder based on input from the system sensors, thereby controlling wheel
speed.
 TYPES OF ABS
 Four Channel/Four Sensor ABS

 Three Channel/Three Sensor ABS

 One Channel/One Sensor ABS

 Four Channel/Four Sensor ABS

 The four-channel, four-sensor ABS is considered the best option when it comes

to ABS. It keeps a thorough check on the brake action. When your car is about
to skid, the system applies a pulse to only the affected wheels. 
 To further clarify, ABS systems with four-wheel-speed sensors distribute a

different control to each wheel with the help of speed sensors monitoring all
the wheels individually. 
 Three Channel/Three Sensor ABS
 The three-channel, three-sensor ABS system works with three sensors: two ABS

sensors are placed in front and one placed in the rear. The three-sensor ABS
system applies individual control or valve and wheel speed sensors on both the
front wheels. 
 Conversely, the rear wheels consist of just one valve and one-speed sensor that

has to be shared, this sensor is placed in the rear axle making an effect on both
the rear brakes. 
 For instance, pickup trucks generally have a three-channel, three-sensor ABS

system.
 However, one valve and speed sensor are shared by both the rear wheels, which

means the system locks both wheels. If just one rear wheel is locked, the brake
efficiency will not be as effective. 
 One Channel/One Sensor ABS

 Evident by its name, this type of vehicle ABS system consists of only one valve

and a one-speed sensor, which is installed to monitor all of the four wheels and
is located in the rear axle. Typically, pickup trucks with rear wheels feature the
one-channel, one-sensor ABS system.
 Similar to three-channel, three-sensor ABS, the risk of one rear wheel locking,

resulting in lower brake efficiency, is also present in the one channel-one brake
sensor ABS system.
 ADVANTAGES
 With the use of ABS the vehicle stops at a shorter distance than the

conventional brakes.
 Prevents the wheels from locking up hence avoids uneven tyre wear.

 Improves control over vehicle.

 Significantly reduced risk of skidding while braking.

 Makes better use of the brake pads and brake disc.

 Enables the possibility of a traction control system.

 Improves steerability while braking.

 ABS can be applied to all kind of automobile and air craft.

 DISADVANTAGES
 Increases the cost of the vehicle.

 More expensive to repair and maintain.

 Involves the use of an extra sensor and a controller which increases the

complexity.
 Inconsistent stopping distances on various surfaces under variable conditions.

 Drivers tend to take more risk.

 CONCLUSION
 Statistics show that approximately 40% automobile accidents are due to

skidding.
 These problems commonly occur on vehicle with conventional brake system

which can be avoided by adding ABS

 If there is ABS failure, the system will revert to normal brake operation.

Normally the ABS warning light will turn on and let the driver know there is a
fault.
 REFERENCES
 V. Mundhe, A. Deshpande, A. Mandvekar, N. Parkhad, and S. Kulwant, “A

Review of Antilock Braking System”, International Journal of Research in

Advent Technology (IJRAT), pp. 220–222, 2017.
 A. A. Aras, Design of a controller for ABS anti lock breaking system (Doctoral

dissertation, Northridge, 2013.

 A. A. Aly, E. S. Zeidan, A. Hamed, and F. Salem, “An antilock-braking systems

(ABS) control: A technical review,” Intelligent Control and Automation, vol. 2,

no. 3, pp. 186–195, 2011.
 D. K. Singh, “Automobile Engineering,” vol. 1, 2008.
THANK YOU