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ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
In today's world, braking is the most important system in an Automobile.
Brakes are energy conversion devices, which convert kinetic energy of the vehicle
into thermal energy. In Antilock Braking System, we can prevent the locking of the
wheel and hence skidding, using an Electro Mechanical Control System.
Anti-lock brake system

''An anti-lock brake system is a feedback control system that modulates
brake pressure in response to measured wheel deceleration, preventing the
controlled wheels from becoming fully locked."
In recent years, with advancement in design &technology, Disc brakes are
fast replacing drum brakes.
ABS was first developed for

• Aircrafts braking system but
• soon started replacing the
conventional braking system in trucks
and cars.
Recent improvements in ABS allows
to prevent wheel when accelerated on
wet or slippery surface.
Motivation for ABS
 Under hard braking, an ideal
braking system should:
 provide the shortest stopping distances on all surfaces
 maintain vehicle stability and steer-ability
 Anti-lock braking systems were developed to best meet these needs
OPERATION PRINCIPLE
"Limiting the pressure to any wheel which decelerates too rapidly" is the
basic principle employed in ABS.
A speed sensor is used for measuring the speed of the wheel and sends it
constantly to the computer. Depending on the initial brake pressure and the speed
of the wheel, the computer modulates the brake pressure as fast as fifteen times per
second.
When the driver hits the brakes this pressure rises a hydraulic system which
causes the brake pads to squeeze against the discs which causes the car to slow
down. If the ABS system detects that one wheel is slowing down more rapidly than
the rest (a symptom of wheel-lock) it automatically reduces the brake pressure on
this wheel by opening a pressure release valve in the hydraulic system.
ABS also has the ability to build the pressure back up via the hydraulic
motor. The system reacts remarkably quickly, and compared wheel speeds many
times a second. ABS systems can act on just the front wheels (which do most of
the braking work), or all four depending on what car you’re driving.
Components of ABS Kit

 Brake Calipers
 Speed Sensor in wheels
 A Hydraulic Motor
 Pressure Release Valves
 Computer controlled module
Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS)

Teeth on the sensor ring rotate past the magnetic sensor, causing a reversal
of the magnetic field polarity, resulting in a signal with frequency related to the
angular velocity of the axle.
Electronic Control Unit

• The signal from theWSS is proportional to angular velocity.By differentiating
this signal, acceleration of each wheel is known. If a wheel is decelerating too
quickly the brake pressure is modulated.
• A fifth input to the ECU is from a brake pedal switch. This signal can shift
program execution from a standby to an active state
Hydraulic Modulator Unit
The hydraulic modulator unit contains the
ABS pump as well as solenoid valves for each
brake line.
The fifth line - far right - is from the brake
master cylinder, which is connected to the brake
pedal.
Valves and Brakes

The valves modulate the brake pressure up to 20 times per second,
effectively realizing the ideal tire slip percentage. ABS 'pumps' the brakes much
faster than any driver could.
TERMINOLOGY
 ABS Actuator-Work horse of the ABS.
 ABS Channel-Hydraulic line connecting ABS actuathe wheel.
 ABS Sensor-It consists a gear shaped sensor rotor and sensor element.
 ABS Valves-Valves are used in brake line for controlling the each brake
depending on Its position.
A- speed sensor
B- control module
C- hydraulic unit with releasing valves
D- brake pipe
ABS Pumps-It is used for pumping the backup pressure from the reservoir to the
brake cylinder.
ABS Pulse or Modulation-The braking pressure is fluctuating fifteen times per
second for preventing the locking of the
wheel.
With ABS V /s Without ABS Bikes
You may have heard that it’s possible to slow down quicker in a car without ABS.
This has elements of truth, but in practical terms the benefits of ABS massively
outweigh the slightly longer braking distances. For road use, ABS is an absolute
must as it will allow you to steer out of the way of unexpected hazards.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSSYSTEMS

Four channel, four sensor ABS: -
This is the best scheme. there is speed sensor on all four wheels and a
separate valve for all the four wheels.
Three channel, three sensorABS:-
This scheme is commonly found on pick up trucks with four wheels ABS,
has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one
sensor for both rear wheels.
There are two main types of modern ABS systems: three and four channel.
Three channel systems control the braking pressure on both front wheels
independently, but control the rear wheels together as a single unit. Four channel
systems control the brake force on each wheel independently (assuming you’re in a
four wheeled vehicle!).
In three channel systems, although both rear wheels are monitored by
sensors, if wheel lock if detected on a single wheel the hydraulic braking pressure
is reduced equally on both wheels. This does not provide the level of control of a
four channel system, and thus three channel versions are compromised and usually
only fitted to cars to save on cost. Most modern cars now use a four channel ABS
systems which provide greater safety in emergency braking conditions.
One channel, one sensor ABS:-
It has one valve , which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor,
located in the rear axle.
ABS software tuning
The ABS ECU contains thousands of parameters which can be tuned for the
car – although most ABS systems are supplied by companies such as Bosch, it’s
the software tuning which makes individual systems different for different cars.
Vehicle manufacturers must strike a compromise between stability and the braking
distance they hope to achieve, and must also set parameters for braking on
different surfaces and scenarios. Even if two different cars have identical ABS
hardware – it will have been tuned very differently for a sports car compared with
an SUV.
ADVANTAGES
 It can be used for reducing the stopping distance.
 It enables to steer while the brakes are firm! y applied.
 It allows braking firmly on surfaces with different level of grips.
 It can review and adjust the driver's driving.
 Safe & Effective
DISADVANTAGES
 Drivers may take more risks when driving with vehicles fitted with ABS.
 In exceptional circumstances, some drivers have the skill to stop the vehicle
in a shorter distance than achieved by an ABS equipped vehicle.
 People who are inexperienced in using ABS may respond inappropriately
when they activate the system.
 Maintenance of a Car equipped with ABS is required more.
 Very Costly

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ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

Anti-lock brake system

ABS was first developed for

Components of ABS Kit

Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS)

Electronic Control Unit

Valves and Brakes

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSSYSTEMS

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