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    Evolution

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    J Santhanakrishnan
    The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication from 1G to 2G systems. It describes key objectives like mobility, roaming, and efficient spectrum usage. Issues like duplexing, multiple access techniques, and cellular concept are explained to address spectrum scarcity. Challenges of multipath interference are also summarized. Finally, differences between 1G analog and 2G digital systems are highlighted.

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    Evolution

    Uploaded by

    J Santhanakrishnan
    22 views26 pages
    The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication from 1G to 2G systems. It describes key objectives like mobility, roaming, and efficient spectrum usage. Issues like duplexing, multiple access techniques, and cellular concept are explained to address spectrum scarcity. Challenges of multipath interference are also summarized. Finally, differences between 1G analog and 2G digital systems are highlighted.

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    The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication from 1G to 2G systems. It describes key objectives like mobility, roaming, and efficient spectrum usage. Issues like duplexing, multiple access techniques, and cellular concept are explained to address spectrum scarcity. Challenges of multipath interference are also summarized. Finally, differences between 1G analog and 2G digital systems are highlighted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    22 views26 pages

    Evolution

    Uploaded by

    J Santhanakrishnan
    The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication from 1G to 2G systems. It describes key objectives like mobility, roaming, and efficient spectrum usage. Issues like duplexing, multiple access techniques, and cellular concept are explained to address spectrum scarcity. Challenges of multipath interference are also summarized. Finally, differences between 1G analog and 2G digital systems are highlighted.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Evolution

    Part II
    Objectives of Mobile Communication

    • Any time Anywhere


    • Mobility & Roaming
    • High capacity & subs. density
    • Efficient use of radio spectrum
    Race to unwire the world

    • It started with Voice calls.


    • Alexander Graham Bell- Photo phone in
    1881started the revolution .
    • Today it has come a long way.
    What is Wireless?
    • Communication using Electromagnetic waves
    • Loading the voice (300Hz-3400Hz) over a high
    frequency carrier by MODULATION.
    • Transmitting in the atmosphere
    • Receiving and demodulating it to get the
    original voice.
    Electromagnetic Spectrum
    Electromagnetic Spectrum
    30-300Hz ELF 30-300MHz VHF
    300-3000Hz VF 300- UHF
    3000MHz
    3-30Khz VLF 3-30GHz SHF
    30-300Khz LF 30-300GHz EHF
    300- MF 300- IR
    3000Khz 3000GHz
    3-30MHz HF 3-30THz IR
    Early Mobile Telephony animation
    Issues of Wireless
    • Separate path for send and receive. (Duplexing)

    • Sharing dynamically available spectrum between


    users on demand basis. (Multiple Access)

    • Scarcity of radio resources (cellular concept)

    • Tackling the hazardous mobile environment


    (Encoding schemes, Interleaving, antenna diversity )
    Duplexing
    • FDD Frequency Division Duplexing

    • TDD Time Division Duplexing.


    Multiple Access Techniques

    • Demand Assigned
    • FDMA -Frequency Division Multiple Access.
    • TDMA -Time Division Multiple Access.
    • CDMA -Code Division Multiple Access.
    Animated Illustrations
    WIRED NETWORK

    Tel 
    Ex. 

    BW for Telephony speech: 4KHz.


    Dedicated 2W loops
    Wireless Network
    • Dedicated wireless loops possible in earlier
    network with less no. of subs.
    • Single Chl VHF?
    • At least 25KHz BW needed in one way for
    speech. In FDD , 50 KHz in total.
    BW needed
    Assuming 30mE traffic per subscriber, sub density of
    30 per sq.km, and GOS 1%

    Radius Area Subs RF Chls

    1 3.14 100 8

    3 28.03 900 38

    10 314 10,000 360

    For 10,000 subs B/W needed is 360x 50KHz =18MHz.


    NOT FEASIBLE.
    Cellular Principle

    • BELL lab introduced


    in 1970.
    • Entire service area
    divided into smaller
    areas – CELLS.
    • Each cell has one
    Base Station.
    Cellular Principle
    • A base station (transmitter and receiver ) is
    having a number of RF channels.
    • Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile
    subscribers within the cell boundaries
    ( Coverage area)
    • Typical Cell Radius Approx = 30 Km (Start
    up) , 1 KM (Mature)
    A RADIO CELL
    Or
    Voice control
    Channels channels

    Co
    ve
    are rage

    Fo
    a

    Re

    rw
    ve

    ar
    d
    rs

    pa
    ep

    th
    Lines to ath MS
    BSC
    Merits of Cellular Concept

    • Base stations can transmit at low power


    compared to a single high power transmitter.
    • It requires less RF bandwidth to cover a
    given area.
    • Frequency reuse gives good spectrum
    efficiency.
    Demerits of Cellular Concept

    • Frequency reuse introduces interference.


    • Established calls should be handed over
    to next cell to avoid dropping of calls
    when the customer is in mobility.
    Hand Over- how it happens?
    Multipath Interference
    Effect of Multipath Interfence
    • Multipath propagation due to reflection, scattering
    and refraction
    • Multiple “copies” of the same signal can be
    received, possibly creating destructive interference
    • Delay spread: difference in propagation delay
    among multipath signals
    • Handled by GSM and CDMA cellular systems to
    reduce transmission error
    Steps taken to counter Multipath
    problems
    • Error correction coding.
    • Interleaving.
    • Diversity.
    • Use of training sequence (GSM)
    • Use of rake receiver (CDMA)
    1G
    1981-NMT
    Nordic Mobile Telephony

    1983-AMPS
    Advanced Mobile Phone
    System
    1985-TACS
    Total Access Commn
    System
    2G
    • GSM- Global System for Mobile(1991)
    European
    • CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access
    (1995) American
    • DECT-Digitally Enhanced Cordless
    Telephony ( European)
    • PDC-Personal Digital Cellular (Japanese
    Differences Between 1G and 2G
    Cellular Systems
    • Traffic channels – 1G systems use analog
    FM modulation; 2G systems use low bit-
    rate voice coding and digital transmission
    • Encryption – all 2G systems provide
    encryption to prevent eavesdropping
    • Error detection and correction – 2G digital
    traffic channels incorporate FEC for error
    detection and correction, giving higher
    power and bandwidth efficiency
    End of Part II

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