Current Electricity: Written Work

Current electricity
Written work
Electric Current
• It is defined as the rate of flow of charge.
• It is a scalar quantity
• It is measured in Amperes. Denoted by A.
Current= charge/time
I = Q/T
Where,
I = Current measured in Amperes (A)
Q= Charge measured in Coulombs (C)
T = Time measured in seconds (s)
Ampere (A)
• One ampere is the amount of current produced when one
coulomb charge passes through a cross sectional area of a
wire in one second.
• Direction of Current:
There are two directions of current.
(a) Conventional Current: According to this concept, The

current flows from the positive to the negative terminal of
the battery.
Consider a lamp across the battery (fig 1)
“In electricity, we follow the conventional current concept”.
(b) Electronic Current: According to this concept, the current
flows from the negative to the positive terminal of the battery.
Consider a lamp connected across a battery (FIG 2)
In this circuit, the electronic current is in an anticlockwise
direction.
FIG 2
Types of current:
There are two types of currents on the basis of flow of charge.
(a) Direct Current: In direct current the charge moves from one
terminal to another.
Source:
1. Cell
2. Battery
3. DC Supply
(b) Alternating current: In alternating
current, the charge moves from the positive
to the negative direction about their central
position.
Source:
1. Power station
2. Generator
3. Dynamo
4. AC Supply
ELECTRICAL
SYMBOLS
Measuring current
• Ammeter is used to measure current.
• Circuit symbol for Ammeter is
• Ammeter is always connected in series.
• Positive terminal of the ammeter is connected to the positive
terminal of the battery and vice versa.
Practice Questions
Voltage
• Voltage is work done/Charge.
• There are two types of voltages,
1. EMF (Electromotive force)
2. P.D (Potential difference)
Electromotive force (EMF)
• Electromotive force of emf is defined as the amount of energy
dissipated by the power source in driving a unit charge around the
circuit.
• Emf = work done/ charge

• EMF = W/Q
• SI UNIT = Volts (V) = J/C
Potential difference
• It is defined as the work done to move a unit charge between two
points in an electrical circuit.
• Potential difference = work done/ charge

• PD = W/Q
• SI UNIT = Volts (V) = J/C
• In emf, non electrical energy is converted into electrical energy.

• In PD, electrical energy is converted into non electrical energy.
Measuring voltage
• Voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
• It is always connected in parallel, across the electrical component.
• Circuit symbol for voltmeter is
• Positive terminal of the voltmeter should be connected to the positive
terminal of the battery and vice versa.
Range of Voltmeter/ Ammeter
• Ammeter and Voltmeter have multiple ranges depending upon how
large or small current or voltage is being measured in an electrical
circuit.
• There are multiple ranges available in a single meter

(Ammeter/voltmeter) with 3 terminals. Any 2 terminals can be used
and connected at a time and a mentioned range can be used.
Past paper questions
1. 2. Draw a circuit diagram with a battery
connected to a closed switch, two fixed resistors
and a variable resistor in series along with a bulb.
Connect an electrical component to measure
potential difference across the variable resistor
and a component to measure current in the
circuit. (5 marks)
Total = 7 marks
Combination of cells
• The number of cells and how they are arranged will determine the
amount of emf supplied to an appliance.
• There are two types of dry cell combinations

1. Series
2. Parallel
Series Combination
• When the cells are arranged in series, the total emf is increased
(additive) because electrical charges will gain energy from each cell
when they pass through them.
Advantage: High voltage output

Disadvantage: Cells deplete early
Parallel combination
• When two identical cells are connected in parallel, the energy required to move
electrical charges through the load (e.g bulb) will be contributed equally by each cell.
• Each cell only needs to provide half the energy to move charges through the circuit.
• Advantage: Last longer

• Disadvantage: low voltage output
Past paper question
• Connect 5 cells, each of 3V in such a way that their total emf is 9V?
(3 marks)
Practice questions - Voltage
Topic: Resistance
 A resistor is a component in an electrical circuit
which
• provides a known value of resistance.
 Its purpose is to control the size of the current flowing in a
circuit.
Electrical symbol for a fixed Electrical symbol for a

resistor variable resistor
 Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an

electrical component opposes the passage of an electric
current. OR
Resistance is defined as the ratio of the potential difference
across the component to the current flowing through it.
The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω).
Topic: Ohms law
• According to Ohms law “ The voltage across any circuit
component is directly proportional to the current passing
through the component, provided the temperature and
physical conditions remain constant”.
Voltage ἀ Current
VἀI
V= (Constant) I
V=RI
Where, V= Voltage in volts (V)
R= Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
I = Current in Amperes (A)
Measuring resistance
• To measure the resistance R, we have to connect it with a battery of
voltage V and variable resistor Rv (Rv allows a different current to flow
through each time)
• The rate of flow of charge (Current, I ) can be measured by an ammeter

(Draw symbol) and potential difference (Voltage, V) can be measured by
voltmeter (Draw symbol).
• To get a different reading of V and I, change variable resistance Rv.

• Rv decreases gradually (Resistance allowing variable current)
• Observation table
SNO Current I in Amperes Voltage V in volts R=V/I

1
2
3
• Draw a graph
V/v
I/A
Topic: Ohms law
• Limitations of Ohms law
- Resistance of a conductor depends upon its temperature.
- When the temperature is increased, the collision between the
electrons and atoms of the conductor also increases which produces
heat, consequently an increase in resistance or opposition to the flow
of current.
Topic: Ohmic and Non Ohmic Conductors
• Ohmic Conductors:
Conductors that obey Ohms law are known as ohmic
conductors. They have a constant resistance.
The graph shows the characteristics of I-V graph of

ohmic conductors at constant temperature.
It is a straight line passing through the origin

It has a constant gradiant (R)
2. Non Ohmic conductors
Conductors that don’t obey Ohms law are known as non Ohmic
conductors.
The current does not proportionally change with the potential difference.
The resistance R can vary
The graph of a non ohmic conductor is not a straight line.
I-V graphs of Ohmic and non Ohmic
conductors
Thermistor
Light dependent Semiconductor
resistor (LDR) diode
The IV Graph for a light
dependent resistor shows
that:
At a high light intensity
the current increases rapidly
with the potential difference
At a low light intensity
the current increases slowly
with the potential
difference.
Explanation
The resistance of
an LDR increases as
the light intensity decreases.
1. Conductors: Current is directly proportional to voltage.
2. Filament lamp: Temperature of filament is increased due to collision

between electrons which causes an increase in resistance.
3. Thermistor: Resistance decreases with temperature rise which increases

current
4. Light dependent diode (LDR): Resistance increases with an increase in

light intensity.
5. Diode: They allow current to flow in one direction only.

Factors on which resistance depends
• Resistor: It is a passive electrical component with a primary function to
limit the flow of electric current.
R=V/I
Where R = Resistance in Ω
V= potential difference in V
I = Current in A
The SI unit of resistance is Ohms.

Topic: Factors affecting resistance
1. Temperature:
• For metallic conductors, resistance increases with temperature.
• For semi conductors, it decreases with temperature.
2. Length: RἀL
• Resistance increases with length.
• Double the length of the resisting wire, double the resistance.
l1 l2
3. Cross-sectional area:
Halving the ‘end on’ area of a wire, double its resistance. So a thin wire has
more resistance than a thick wire of same length.
A1 A2
R ἀ 1/A
4. Material:
A nichrome wire has more resistance than a copper wire of same size.
5. Resistivity:
Resistivity is defined as the resistance of unit length of wire of a unit square
meter area.
RἀL
Rἀ 1/A
Rἀ L/A
* FINAL EQUATION REPLACING PROPORTIONALITY SIGN.

Hahahahahaa physics easy peasy lemon
squeezy. 22 September relax guys.

Current Electricity: Written Work

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Current Electricity: Written Work

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Current Electricity: Written Work

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Current electricity

(a) Conventional Current: According to this concept, The

• Emf = work done/ charge

• Potential difference = work done/ charge

• In emf, non electrical energy is converted into electrical energy.

• There are multiple ranges available in a single meter

• There are two types of dry cell combinations

Advantage: High voltage output

• Advantage: Last longer

Electrical symbol for a fixed Electrical symbol for a

 Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an

• The rate of flow of charge (Current, I ) can be measured by an ammeter

• To get a different reading of V and I, change variable resistance Rv.

SNO Current I in Amperes Voltage V in volts R=V/I

The graph shows the characteristics of I-V graph of

It is a straight line passing through the origin

2. Filament lamp: Temperature of filament is increased due to collision

3. Thermistor: Resistance decreases with temperature rise which increases

4. Light dependent diode (LDR): Resistance increases with an increase in

5. Diode: They allow current to flow in one direction only.

The SI unit of resistance is Ohms.

* FINAL EQUATION REPLACING PROPORTIONALITY SIGN.

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.