REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS OF

LESSON
Give me a short
recap about what we
have discussed last
meeting.
Who among of you loves to
watch the sky during the night?

Who among of you loves stargazing?

Do you know that stars are also

arranged in groups?
Arrangement of
Stars in a Group
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

01
Discuss the arrangement of stars in the night
sky with 80% accuracy;

02 Identify and locate some of the major

constellations visible from their location
with 80% accuracy.

03 Reflect about the cultural significance of

constellations in different societies.
WHO AM I?
WHO
AM I?
WHO
AM I?
WHO
AM I?
WHO
AM I?
WHAT DID YOU OBSERVE?
1. What did you observe about the first
and second photo? The pictures depicted
are called what?

Constellations are patterns of stars

visible to the unaided eye, or regions of
space seen from Earth that are bounded
by borders designated by the
International Astronomical Union.
WHAT DID YOU OBSERVE?
1. What did you observe about the
first and second photo? The
pictures depicted are called what?

Constellations are patterns of stars

visible to the unaided eye, or regions of
space seen from Earth that are bounded
by borders designated by the
International Astronomical Union.
WHAT DID YOU OBSERVE?
2. Can you name the first
photo?
What about the second one?

The first photo is named as

Orion. The second one is
called, Gemini.
WHAT DID YOU OBSERVE?
3. How about the third and
last photo? Can you name
them?
They also form a group of stars but unlike
to the first two photos presented, these
group of stars contains only a few.
The third photo is called the “Big Deeper”
and the last one is known as the
“Northern Cross.”
WHAT DID YOU OBSERVE?

They also form a group of stars but unlike

to the first two photos presented, these
group of stars contains only a few.
They are also naked-eye star patterns, but
they do not form constellations on their
own, that’s why it’s called, asterisms.
Do you believe that
stars move or are
they in a constant
fixed position?
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
GROUP
 Away from city lights on a clear, moonless night, the naked eye can see
2000-3000 stars.

 As you look at these stars, your mind may group them into different shapes or
patterns.

 People of nearly every culture throughout history have looked at the stars and
given names to shapes they saw, they even invented stories to go with them.

 For example, the pattern that the Greeks named Orion (the hunter) was
also seen by the ancient Chinese who saw it as a supreme warrior named
Shen. The Chemehuevi Native Americans of the California desert saw
the same group of stars as a line of three sure-footed mountain
sheep.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 The patterns of stars seen in the sky are usually called
constellations. The word is from the Latin “constellacio”, meaning
a set of stars.
 Astronomers use the term constellation to refer to an area of the
sky.

 The International Astronomical Union (IAU) divides the sky into 88

official constellations with exact boundaries, so that every place in
the sky belongs within a constellation.

 Most of the constellations in the Northern Hemisphere are based on

the constellations invented by the ancient Greeks, while most in
the Southern Hemisphere are based on names given to them by
seventeenth century European explorers.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 Many constellations are very old. They are a link between us

and our ancestors, a projection of human imagination
into the cosmos.

 Ancient people looked at the stars and thought they saw

mythical beings, beasts and cultural touchstones
among the stars.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 Speaking more accurately, a group of stars that forms a
pattern in the sky is called an asterism.

 Many are small patterns within a constellation, and some are

large patterns made of bright stars from multiple
constellations. There is nothing official about an asterism,
but many are well known.

 Generally, an asterism is a simple pattern that is easy to

recognize.
Well-known
Asterisms
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 The Plough, for example, (also
known as the Big Dipper) is a
pattern of seven stars within
the constellation of Ursa
Major, the Great Bear.

 It is undoubtedly the most

famous asterism in the sky,
and not just because it is useful
as a guide to other stars and
constellations.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 In the southern
hemisphere, five stars
comprise the
Southern Cross, an
asterism within the
constellation of
Crux.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 Sometimes, asterisms
contain stars from more
than one constellation: for
example, the glorious
Summer Triangle, is a
very prominent in the
northern hemisphere.

 It is made from the 3

brightest stars of
Cygnus, Lyra and Aquila.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 In Sagittarius there is the

famous “teapot”
asterism, which points
toward the center of our
Milky Way galaxy.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 Pleiades is a popular
asterism in Taurus; it is a
lovely naked eye cluster of
stars.
 IT’S 6!
IT’S A 9!
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 GROUP 1
Observe
carefully the
star pattern.
Let your
imagination
be unleashed.
Take down
notes what
features have
you noticed.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 GROUP 2
Observe
carefully the
star pattern.
Let your
imagination
be unleashed.
Take down
notes what
features have
you noticed.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 GROUP 1
The star pattern’s
name is known as
the “Dove
Constellation” or
Columba. The
constellation
Columba, the
dove, is located in
the southern
hemisphere of the
sky.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 GROUP 2
The star pattern’s
name is known as
the “Horse
Constellation” or
Pegasus. Pegasus
is a prominent
Northern
Constellation that
is also visible in
the Southern
Hemisphere.
Do stars move or they
are in fixed positions?
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 The stars are not fixed, but are constantly moving. If
you factor out the daily arcing motion of the stars across the
sky due to the earth's rotation, you end up with a pattern of
stars that seems to never change.

 The stars seem so fixed that ancient sky-gazers mentally

connected the stars into figures (constellations) that we can
still make out today. But in reality, the stars are constantly
moving. They are just so far away that the naked eye
cannot detect their movement. But sensitive instruments
can detect their movement.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 Most of the stars you see in the night sky with your naked eye
are individual stars inside our own galaxy. It takes
telescopes to see the stars outside our galaxy or even to see
other galaxies.
 The stars in our galaxy are all orbiting in a nearly
circular path around the center of the galaxy. They do this
because the immense combined mass of the galaxy,
most if it near the center, creates immense gravity that pulls
all the stars in our galaxy into circular orbits.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 In addition, each star in the galaxy has a small random

motion relative to the overall galactic rotation. The
same concepts apply to stars in other galaxies. Each star
orbits its galaxy's center and has a slight random motion on
top of this. Each star does not careen randomly about like a
drunkard. Rather, each star travels on a smooth, nearly-
straight trajectory as dictated by its own momentum
and the local gravitational field.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 The visibility of a constellation/star depends on what? The

visibility of a constellation/star depends on your location on
Earth and the time of year you are in.

 And, our sky is divided into two hemispheres which are known
as? Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 Any circle drawn around Earth divides it into two equal halves
called hemispheres. There are generally considered to be
four hemispheres: northern, southern, eastern, and western.

 The celestial sky is usually divided into two different

hemispheres, the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern
Hemisphere.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 As the Earth rotates,

different parts of the sky
are visible at different
times and different
locations, for example, the
constellation Draco can only
be seen in the Northern
Hemisphere.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Eastern Hemisphere
 The Eastern Hemisphere refers
to the area of Earth east of the
prime meridian and west of
the International Date Line.
This includes much of
Europe, Africa, Asia,
Australia, and the islands
of Oceania. A map centered
on the Eastern Hemisphere will
have the Indian Ocean basin
at the center.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Western Hemisphere
 The Western Hemisphere refers to
the area of Earth west of the prime
meridian and east of the International
Date Line. This includes North and
South America. The Western
Hemisphere is a purely geographic
term and should not be confused with
other mentions of the "western"
world, which is often used to describe
parts of Europe, North America, and
other world regions that share some
economic, social, and cultural values.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Northern Hemisphere
 The Northern Hemisphere
contains North America,
the northern part of
South America, Europe,
the northern two-thirds
of Africa, and most of
Asia.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Southern Hemisphere
 The Southern Hemisphere
contains most of South
America, one-third of Africa,
Australia, Antarctica, and
some Asian islands.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 There are differences in the climates of the Northern and

Southern Hemispheres because of Earth's seasonal tilt
toward and away from the sun.

 In the Northern Hemisphere, the warmer summer

months are from June through September. In the
Southern Hemisphere, summer begins in December
and ends in March.
Locations of the
Different
Constellations
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Northern Constellations
 Northern constellations are those found in the northern
celestial hemisphere, located north of the celestial
equator.

 The majority of the modern 36 northern constellations are

based on the Greek constellations, first catalogued by the
astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. Many of them are
associated with Greek myths and legends.

 However, most of the Greek constellations, including the

constellations of the zodiac, have a much longer history, going
back to Babylonian times and some even to the Late Bronze Age.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Northern Constellations
 Two entire constellation families are found in the
northern sky.

 The 10 constellations in the Ursa Major Family all lie in

the northern celestial hemisphere and can be seen
rotating around the north celestial pole throughout the year
from northern latitudes.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Northern Constellations
 Two entire constellation families are found in the northern sky.

 The 10 constellations in the Ursa Major Family all lie in the

northern celestial hemisphere and can be seen rotating around
the north celestial pole throughout the year from northern latitudes.

 These are Boötes (the Herdsman), Camelopardalis (the

Giraffe), Canes Venatici (the Hunting Dogs), Coma Berenices
(Berenices’ Hair), Corona Borealis (Northern Crown), Draco
(Dragon), Leo Minor (the Smaller Lion), Lynx, Ursa Major
(the Great Bear), the largest constellation in the north, and
Ursa Minor (the Little Bear). The smallest constellation in the
northern sky is Equuleus.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Northern Constellations
 Similarly, all the constellations in the Perseus Family except Cetus
(the Whale) lie in the northern celestial hemisphere. These are
Andromeda (the Chained Maiden), Auriga (the Charioteer),
Cassiopeia (the Queen), Cepheus (the King), Lacerta (the
Lizard), Pegasus (the Winged Horse), Perseus and
Triangulum (the Triangle).

 Moreover, if we’re going to talk about the northern zodiac

constellations, it’s comprised by Pisces, Aries, Taurus,
Gemini, Cancer and Leo – are located in the eastern celestial
hemisphere.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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A Glimpse of Northern Constellations

ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Southern Constellations
 Southern constellations are those that lie to the south of the
celestial equator and are better seen from the southern
hemisphere.

 The southern constellations that were visible to Greeks are

mostly associated with Greek myths and some of them even
date back to earlier times.

 The constellations that were not visible to northern observers

were not mapped until the late 16th century, when European
navigators and explorers started going on expeditions that took them
south of the equator.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Southern Constellations
 The southern constellations include the entire Bayer Family, a
group of 11 constellations introduced by the German uranographer
Johann Bayer in 1603.

 These are Apus (the Bird of Paradise), Chamaeleon, Dorado (the

Dolphinfish), Grus (the Crane), Hydrus (the Water Snake), Indus
(the Indian), Musca (the Fly), Pavo (the Peacock), Phoenix (the
Firebird), Tucana (the Toucan) and Volans (the Flying Fish).

 Bayer acquired these constellations from the Flemish astronomer and

cartographer Petrus Plancius, who had based his constellation map
on the observations of Dutch navigators in the late 16th century.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Southern Constellations
 Constellations in the Lacaille family, introduced by French
astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1756, are also all located
in the southern celestial hemisphere. These are Antlia (the Air
Pump), Caelum (the Chisel), Circinus (the Compass), Fornax
(the Furnace), Horologium (the Pendulum Clock), Mensa
(Table Mountain), Microscopium (the Microscope), Norma (the
Level), Octans (the Octant), Pictor (the Painter’s Easel),
Reticulum (the Reticle), Sculptor and Telescopium (the
Telescope).

 Lacaille created these constellations while observing the southern

skies from an observatory on Table Mountain in South Africa.
They were not visible to ancient civilizations in Europe.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Southern Constellations
 The largest constellation in the south is the Hydra
constellation while the smallest one is known as the
Crux.

 While the southern zodiac constellations are Virgo,

Libra, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Capricornus and Aquarius
– are found in the west.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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A Glimpse of Southern Constellations

Importance of
Constellations
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Importance of Constellations
 In ancient times, constellations were used to create and
track the calendar so they knew when to plant crops and
harvest them.

 Constellations were also used for navigation and to help

sailors travel across oceans. Once you find Ursa Major,
you can easily spot the Northern Star (Polaris) and by using
the height of the Northern Star, you could figure out your
latitude.
 Instruments
Used to Locate Stars
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 Star Chart - a chart or map

showing the relative apparent
positions of the stars, as seen
from the earth, in a particular
area of the sky.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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Compass - is a device that indicates
direction. It is one of the most
important instruments for navigation.
A compass is used to locate the
direction of North, which is necessary
for using a star chart. By knowing
the direction of North, you can orient
the star chart properly and identify
the stars and constellations in the
sky.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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 Telescope - a tool that

astronomers use to see objects far
away and in space up-close.
GIN LECTURE KO,
DISCUSS MO.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
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KEY TAKEAWAYS
 Constellations are patterns of stars visible to the unaided eye, or regions of
space seen from Earth that are bounded by borders designated by the
International Astronomical Union.

 Asterisms are also naked-eye star patterns, but they do not form
constellations on their own.

 There are 88 constellations as designated by International Astronomical

Union.

 Most of the constellations in the Northern Hemisphere are based on the

constellations invented by the ancient Greeks, while most in the Southern
Hemisphere are based on names given to them by seventeenth century
European explorers.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
Continuation…
GROUP
KEY TAKEAWAYS
 The stars are not fixed, but are constantly moving.

 The visibility of a constellation depends on your location on Earth and the

time of year you are in.

 The celestial sky is usually divided into two different hemispheres, the
Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

 Any circle drawn around Earth divides it into two equal halves called
hemispheres. There are generally considered to be four hemispheres:
northern, southern, eastern, and western.
ARRANGEMENT OF STARS IN A
Continuation…
GROUP

KEY TAKEAWAYS
 In Ancient times, constellations were used to create and track the calendar
so they knew when to plant crops and harvest them. Constellations were
also used for navigation and to help sailors travel across oceans. Once you
find Ursa Major, you can easily spot the Northern Star (Polaris) and by using
the height of the Northern Star, you could figure out your latitude.

 Instruments to locate the stars are the star chart, compass and telescope.
 Thank you!
Ad Astra Per Espera!