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    Nervous System: NURS 3100 Patho/Pharm 2

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    Malaya Miles
    The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. It functions to sense the environment, integrate sensory information, and stimulate responses. Within the nervous system, neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called action potentials. Communication occurs between neurons via synapses and neurotransmitters. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves as well as the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions.

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    Nervous System: NURS 3100 Patho/Pharm 2

    Uploaded by

    Malaya Miles
    20 views37 pages
    The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. It functions to sense the environment, integrate sensory information, and stimulate responses. Within the nervous system, neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called action potentials. Communication occurs between neurons via synapses and neurotransmitters. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves as well as the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions.

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    The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. It functions to sense the environment, integrate sensory information, and stimulate responses. Within the nervous system, neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called action potentials. Communication occurs between neurons via synapses and neurotransmitters. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves as well as the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions.

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    20 views37 pages

    Nervous System: NURS 3100 Patho/Pharm 2

    Uploaded by

    Malaya Miles
    The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. It functions to sense the environment, integrate sensory information, and stimulate responses. Within the nervous system, neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called action potentials. Communication occurs between neurons via synapses and neurotransmitters. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves as well as the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions.

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    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    An Overview of Structure and Function

    NURS 3100 Patho/Pharm 2


    Outline
     Cells of Nervous System

     The Nerve Impulse


     In the neuron
     Between Neurons
     Neurotransmitters
     Up and Down the Pathway

     The Central Nervous System

     The Peripheral Nervous System


    The Nervous System
     Serves 3 main functions
     Senses environmental changes both inside and outside
    of the body (Sensory Function)
     Interprets the changes (Integrative Function)
     Responds to the interpretation by stimulating other
    parts of the body (Motor Function)
     The neuron is the workhorse of the nervous system
    and makes all of this possible.
    Neuron

    Dendrite

    Cell body aka


    Soma

    Axon with
    terminals
    Myelin
     An insulating material  Benefits
    found in the CNS  Speeds the conduction
     Creates a sheath of impulses
    around the axon  Decreases reaction
    times to stimuli
     Not present on all
    axons
    Damaged Myelin
    Transmission of Action Potential Within the Neuron

     Before the Action Potential


     Resting potential: -70
     Action Potential
     Stimulus Sodium Channels Open Depolarization
    to threshold potential  action potential fires
     After the Action Potential
     Repolarization through closure of Na channels and
    opening of K channels
    Action Potential Within the Neuron
    Direction of Action Potential
    Synapse
     The junction between
    2 neurons
     Components of
    Synapse
     Presynaptic Neuron
     Synaptic Cleft
     Postsynaptic Neuron
    Transmission Between Neurons

    Presynaptic neuron

    To synaptic cleft

    To postsynpatic
    neuron.
    Major Neurotransmitters
     Acetylcholine
     Usually excitatory
     Controls activity in brain areas connected with attention, learning, and memory; Involved with muscle
    action.
     Low levels a/w Alzheimer’s
     Serotonin
     Inhibitory
     Effects mood, anxiety, sleep and inhibits pain pathways
     Dopamine
     Inhibits
     Effects arousal, behavior, and is needed for physical motivation
     High levels a/w schizophrenia and Low levels a/w Parkinson’s
     Norepinephrine
     Excitatory
     Effects arousal, mood, wakefulness, learning, and memory
     Gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA)
     Inhibitory
     Slows down impulses
     A/w sleep and eating disorders
    From Stimulus to Action
    Organization of the Nervous System
    Intracranial Regulation (ICR)
     Mechanisms & conditions
    that impact intracranial
    processing and function
     The ability of the cranial
    contents (brain, blood,
    cerebral spinal fluid) to
    maintain normal
    intracranial pressure
     Range from normal to
    impaired
     Dysfunction can range from
    minimal to severe
    Monro-Kellie Doctrine
     Cranial vault (cavity)
    is a rigid sphere
     Filled to capacity
    with non-
    compressible
    contents
     Increase volume of
    one of the three
    constituents will lead
    to a rise in ICP.
     Compensation for
    alterations is limited
    Components of CNS
    Cranial Contents
    Brain
    Spinal Cord
    Cranial Contents
     Skull

     Blood-brain barrier

     Meninges

     Brain

     Cerebral spinal fluid


    Meninges of the Brain
     Dura mater or “hard mother”
     Two layers with venous sinuses
    between them
     Rigid membranes that support &
    separate brain structures
     Subdural space
     Bridging veins
     Arachnoid
     Subarachnoid space
     Contains CSF
     Pia mater or “tender mother”
     Adheres to contours of the brain
    The Brain
    The Brain: Cerebrum
     Cerebral hemispheres are divided into pairs of lobes
     Frontal
     Parietal
     Temporal
     Occipital
     Also within the cerebrum are the basal ganglia,
    thalamus, and hypothalamus
     Important to note that CN I and II originate in the
    cerebrum
    Lobes
     Frontal Function
     Concentration, abstract thought, judgment, memory,
    and motor function
     Broca’s area in left hemisphere
     Used for motor control of speech
     Parietal Function:
     Visual attention, touch perception, monitors sensation,
    face recognition, voluntary movements, manipulation
    of objects, face recognition
    Lobes
     Temporal Function:
     Receives auditory stimuli, controls how things are
    ordered, memory
     Wernicke’s Area:
     comprehension of speech
     Occipital Function
     Visual reception and interpretation, and memory
    Structures in Cerebrum
     Basal Ganglia
     Function: Control fine motor movements, initiation and
    direction of voluntary movement, balance, regulates
    automatic movement
     Thalamus
     Function: relay station for sensations (not smell)
     Includes: pain, temperature, touch, hearing, memory, and other
    sensations.
     Hypothalamus
     Function: regulates pituitary gland, hunger center, blood
    pressure, sexual behavior, emotional responses, and
    autonomic nervous system regulation
    Brain Stem
     Midbrain
     Connects pons and cerebellum with cerebrum where it acts as a relay
    station for auditory and visual information.
     Cranial Nerves III and IV originate here
     Pons
     Connects the halves of the cerebellum
     Helps regulate respiration, level of consciousness, and sleep wake cycle
    (contains reticular formation)
     Cranial Nerves V-VIII originate here
     Medulla
     helps regulate digestion, heart and blood vessel function, and breathing
     Acts as relay point for information from the brain to the spinal cord
     Cranial Nerves IX-XII originate here
    Brain Stem

    .
    Cerebellum
     Function:
     Integrates sensory
    information to smooth
    and coordinate
    movements; Fine
    motor, balance, and
    proprioception
    Spinal Cord
    Peripheral Nervous System
    Cranial Nerves
    Spinal Nerves
    Autonomic Nervous System
    Cranial Nerves
     Nerves that come out of the brain
     Pass through the base of the skull
     Innervate the head, neck, and special sense
    structures.
    Cranial Nerves
    Remember this face?
    Spinal Nerves
     31 pairs of spinal nerves
     Each spinal nerve has a ventral root and dorsal root
     Dorsal = sensory AKA Ascending tract
     transmit information from dermatomes
     Ventral = motor AKA Descending Tract
     transmit impulses from spinal cord to body
    Dermatomes
    Autonomic Nervous System
     Responsible for hemostasis
     Achieved through regulation of the internal organs,
    blood vessels, and glands
     2 Divisions
     Sympathetic Nervous System
     Fight or Flight
     Parasympathetic Nervous System
     Rest and Digest
    Basic Comparison
    References
     Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). Brunner and suddarth's
    textbook of medical-surgical nursing. (12 ed., Vol. 1). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/
    Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

     Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2008). Understanding Pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Louis,
    Missouri: Mosby.

     Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L., & Brashers, V. L. (2017). Understanding Pathophysiology


    (7th ed.). Elsevier.

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