Presentation 1

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE
Topics to be discussed
• Crystallography
• Structure of Solids
• Defects in Crystalline
what is material?
Material is made up of elements that people have combined or created for use in
products, appliances, innovations, and different constructions
What is material science?
understanding of the relationship between a material's internal structure and

qualities, including material processing, is known as material science.
classify them in three broad groups according to their nature:

(i) Metals and alloys
(ii) Ceramics and glasses
(iii) Organic polymers.
What is mean by crystallography?
The experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids is known as
crystallography.
What is in a crystal?
A crystal is a solid object made up of atoms, molecules, or ions arranged in a regular pattern
Crystal=Lattice + Basic(Motif)
Lattice Points and Space Lattice

Lattice Parameters
Primitive and Non-Primitive cells
Primitive unit cells: Lattice point only at the corners of the cell
Non-primitive unit: Lattice point at the corners of the cell as well as at some other points
Primitive Non-Primitive
Crystal Systems
Planes and directions of a Simple Cubic Lattice
Some Definitions
•
Co-ordination number
•
Nearest neighbour distance
•
Atomic Packing Factor or Packing Fraction
•
Number of equidistant nearest neighbours that an atom has in a crystal structure it is called Co-ordination
number
The distance between the nearest neighbours is called nearest neighbour distance
The fraction of space occupied by the atoms in the unit cell is called Packing Fraction
Close Packing of Hard
Spheres
What is Sphere Packing?
In geometry , a sphere packing is an arrangement of non-overlapping spheres within
a containing space
APF for Simple Cubic Structure
APF for BCC Lattice
APF for an FCC Lattice
APF for an FCC Lattice
Sphere Packing
hexagonal close packing
face centered cubic
HCP and FCC have the same density!

Solid Solution
A solid solution is formed when two metals are completely soluble in liquid state and also completely
soluble in solid state.
Solid solutions are of two types. They are

Substitutional solid solutions.
Interstitial solid solutions.

Substitutional Solid Solution
* If the solute- and solvent atoms are roughly similar, the solute atoms will occupy lattice points in the crystal lattice of the
solvent atoms. This is called substitutional solid solution.
* For example, copper atoms may substitute for nickel atoms without disturbing the
F.C.C. structure of nickel
* In the substitutional solid solutions, the substitution can be either disordered or ordered.
Interstitial Solid Solutions
* If the solute atoms are much smaller than the solvent atoms, they occupy interstitial positions in the solvent lattice. Carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and boron are the elements which commonly form interstitial solid solutions
*Normally, atoms which have atomic radii less than one angstrom are likely to form interstitial solid solutions.
*Examples are atoms of carbon (0.77 A°), nitrogen (0.71 A°), hydrogen (0.46 A°), Oxygen (0.60 A°) ec.
solid solution and its types
CRYSTAL IMPERFECTIONS
Any deviation in the regular geometrical arrangement of atoms in a crystalline solid is known as crystal imperfections or
crystal defects.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTAL IMPERFECTIONS

1. POINT DEFECTS
 The defects which takes place due to imperfect packing of atoms during crystallization are named as point defects.
 They are imperfect point-like regions in the crystal and hence they are called as zero-dimensional defects.
 They produce distortion inside the crystal structures.
VACANCIES
 A vacancy is the simplest point defect in a crystal. This refers to a missing of atom or a vacant atomic site.
 This defect may arise due to imperfect packing during original crystallization.
 The vacancies may be single vacancy or di-vacancies or trivacancies and so on.

SCHOTTKY DEFECTS
When a pair of anions and cations is missing from an ionic crystal is called Schottky defects.
This is equivalent to divacancies i.e., anion vacancy and cation vacancy.
In this type of defect, the crystal is electrically neutral.
FRENKEL DEFECTS
This is due to shift of cation from the regular site to the interstitial site.
This is so because the cation being small, it can be easily accommodated in the void space.
It always occurs ionic crystals.
It is temperature dependent and electrical conductivity is increased.
INTERSTITIAL DEFECT
 Interstitial defect is created when an extra atom occupies the interstitial position without replacing the parent atom in the
crystals.
TWO TYPES OF INTERSTITIAL DEFECT
I. Self-interstitial defect 2. Foreign interstitial defect

SELF-INTERSTITIAL DEFECT
 If an atom from same crystal occupies interstitial site, then it is called self-interstitial defect.
FOREIGN INTERSTITIAL DEFECT
 If an impurity (foreign) atom occupies interstitial site, then it is called foreign- interstitial defect.
II. LINE DEFECTS
 The defects which take place due to dislocations or distortion of atoms along a line in some direction is called line defect.
 This is also called as one dimensional defects.
 The two basic types of dislocations are:
1. Edge dislocation 2. Screw dislocation
EDGE DISLOCATION
An edge dislocation is formed if an extra half plane of atoms is introduced between the planes of the atoms in a perfect crystal.
The position of edge dislocation is marked by the symbols  or ┬
If the extra plane of atoms is above the slip plane of the crystal are called positive edge dislocation.
If the extra plane of atoms is below the slip plane of the crystal are called negative edge dislocation.
Burger vector is always perpendicular to the dislocation line

SCREW
DISLOCATION
 Screw dislocation results from a displacement of the atoms in one part of a crystal relative to the rest of crystal forming a spiral ramp around
the dislocation line.
 When the atoms are displaced in two separate planes perpendicular to each other, the imperfection produced is called screw dislocation.
 Burger vector is always parallel to the dislocation line.
 If the spiral motion of the dislocation line is in clockwise direction then it is called right handed screw dislocation.
 If the spiral motion of the dislocation line is in anti-clockwise direction then it is called left handed screw dislocation.
SURFACE DEFECTS
 The defects which take place on the surface of the materials are called surface defects.
 They are also called as two dimensional defects.
 The following are the different types of surface defects.
GRAIN BOUNDARY
Whenever grains of different orientation separate the general pattern of atoms and exhibits a boundary, the defect caused is called grain
boundary.
 This type of defect generally takes place during the solidification of the liquid metal.
 Two types of grain boundaries are 1.High angle boundaries 2.Low angle boundaries
HIGH ANGLE BOUNDARIES
If the orientation difference between two crystals is greater than 10 15∘ then the grain boundary are called high angle boundaries.
LOW ANGLE BOUNDARIES
If the orientation difference between two crystals is lesser than 10∘ then the grain boundary are called low angle boundaries.
TILT BOUNDARIES
Tilt boundaries are low angle grain boundaries. It is an array of parallel edge two dislocations of same sign arranged one above other in an array.
TWIST BOUNDARIES
Twist boundaries are low angle grain boundaries. It consists of atleast two sets of parallel screw dislocations lying in the array.
TWIN BOUNDARIES
 If the boundaries in which the atomic arrangement in one side of the boundary is the mirror image of the atoms on the other side. The defect
caused is called twin boundaries.
BURGER VECTOR
The vector which indicates the direction and magnitude of the shift of the lattice on the slip plane is called Burger vector.
STACKING FAULT
 It is a type of surface imperfections.
 Whenever the stacking of atoms is not in proper sequence throughout the crystal, the defect caused is known as stacking fault.
 Figure shows the proper sequence of atomic planes ABC ABC ABC ……. in a FCC structure. But figure shows the sequence of atomic
planes ABC ABA BCA…..the region in which stacking fault occurs AB AB forms a thin region of HCP in a FCC crystal.
IV. VOLUME DEFECTS
 Volume defects are mainly due to porosity, inclusions and cracks.
 These defects form during manufacturing processes for various reasons and are harmful to the material.
 Presence of a large vacancy or void such as cluster of atoms missing is also considered as a volume imperfection.

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INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE

What is material science?

understanding of the relationship between a material's internal structure and

classify them in three broad groups according to their nature:

Lattice Points and Space Lattice

hexagonal close packing

face centered cubic

HCP and FCC have the same density!

Solid solutions are of two types. They are

solvent atoms. This is called substitutional solid solution.

F.C.C. structure of nickel

Interstitial Solid Solutions

CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTAL IMPERFECTIONS

 They produce distortion inside the crystal structures.

 The vacancies may be single vacancy or di-vacancies or trivacancies and so on.

This is equivalent to divacancies i.e., anion vacancy and cation vacancy.

In this type of defect, the crystal is electrically neutral.

I. Self-interstitial defect 2. Foreign interstitial defect

FOREIGN INTERSTITIAL DEFECT

II. LINE DEFECTS

The position of edge dislocation is marked by the symbols  or ┬

Burger vector is always perpendicular to the dislocation line

 Volume defects are mainly due to porosity, inclusions and cracks.

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