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Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

1) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance and is used to convert between moles and grams. The molar mass of an element is its atomic mass while the molar mass of compounds is the sum of the atomic masses of its elements. 2) A balanced chemical equation shows the mole ratios in a chemical reaction and can be used to calculate the amounts of reactants and products. The limiting reagent determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed. 3) To calculate the amount of product formed, one first converts the amounts of reactants to moles using molar masses, then uses the mole ratios in the balanced equation along with the limiting reagent to calculate the maximum moles

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88 views

Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

1) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance and is used to convert between moles and grams. The molar mass of an element is its atomic mass while the molar mass of compounds is the sum of the atomic masses of its elements. 2) A balanced chemical equation shows the mole ratios in a chemical reaction and can be used to calculate the amounts of reactants and products. The limiting reagent determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed. 3) To calculate the amount of product formed, one first converts the amounts of reactants to moles using molar masses, then uses the mole ratios in the balanced equation along with the limiting reagent to calculate the maximum moles

Uploaded by

Tvissha Goel
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Chapter 3

Micro World atoms & molecules

Macro World grams

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu)


By definition: 1 atom 12C weighs 12 amu On this scale
1H

= 1.008 amu = 16.00 amu

16O

Natural lithium is: 7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu) 92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:


7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016 = 6.941 amu 100

Average atomic mass (6.941)

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C 1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023 Avogadros number (NA)

eggs Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams marbles atoms 1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g 1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C


1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element


atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g x = 23 12C atoms 12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 1 amu

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

M = molar mass in g/mol NA = Avogadros number

Do You Understand Molar Mass?


How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ? 1 mol K = 39.10 g K 1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K 1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K 0.551 g K x x = 1 mol K 39.10 g K 8.49 x 1021 atoms K

Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule. 1S SO2 2O SO2 32.07 amu + 2 x 16.00 amu 64.07 amu

For any molecule molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)


1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu 1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2

Do You Understand Molecular Mass?


How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ? 1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms

1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H


1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms 72.5 g C3H8O x x x = 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms 60 g C3H8O

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

Light

KE = 1/2 x m x v2 v = (2 x KE/m)1/2 F=qxvxB

Heavy

Light

Heavy

Percent composition of an element in a compound =


n x molar mass of element x 100% molar mass of compound n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the compound
2 x (12.01 g) x 100% = 52.14% 46.07 g 6 x (1.008 g) %H = x 100% = 13.13% 46.07 g 1 x (16.00 g) %O = x 100% = 34.73% 46.07 g %C =

C2H6O

52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%

Combust 11.5 g ethanol Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O

g CO2 g H2O

mol CO2 mol H2O

mol C mol H

gC gH

6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O

g of O = g of sample (g of C + g of H)

Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25

Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)


Empirical formula C2H6O

A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction

3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

reactants

products

How to Read Chemical Equations


2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO 2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO

48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

IS NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

Balancing Chemical Equations


1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C2H6 + O2

CO2 + H2O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6

NOT

C4H12

Balancing Chemical Equations


3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O 1 carbon on right 2CO2 + H2O 2 hydrogen on right 2CO2 + 3H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon on left
C2H6 + O2 6 hydrogen on left C2H6 + O2

multiply CO2 by 2

multiply H2O by 3

Balancing Chemical Equations


4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7 2

2 oxygen on left
C2H6 + 7 O2 2

4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen (3x1) on right (2x2)


2CO2 + 3H2O 4CO2 + 6H2O remove fraction multiply both sides by 2

2C2H6 + 7O2

Balancing Chemical Equations


5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

12C (2 xx2) 4 O (7 2) 14 H (2 6)

4x 1412 H (6 2 + 6) O (4 C x 2)
Reactants 4C 12 H 14 O Products 4C 12 H 14 O

Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions

1. Write balanced chemical equation


2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles 3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantity 4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units

Methanol burns in air according to the equation


2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what mass of water is produced? grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass CH3OH


209 g CH3OH x

molar mass coefficients H2O chemical equation

4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O 1 mol CH3OH = x x 32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O

Limiting Reagents

6 green used up red left over

Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?


In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed. g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed OR g Fe2O3 needed

g Fe2O3
124 g Al x

mol Fe2O3
1 mol Al 27.0 g Al x

mol Al needed
1 mol Fe2O3 2 mol Al 160. g Fe2O3 = x 1 mol Fe2O3

g Al needed
367 g Fe2O3

Start with 124 g Al

need 367 g Fe2O3

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent

Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that can be formed. g Al mol Al 2Al + Fe2O3
124 g Al x 1 mol Al 27.0 g Al x 1 mol Al2O3 2 mol Al

mol Al2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

g Al2O3

102. g Al2O3 = x 1 mol Al2O3

234 g Al2O3

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagent reacted. Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction. % Yield =
Actual Yield Theoretical Yield x 100

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