Stoichiometry

Calculations with
Chemical Formulas and
Equations
 Outline of Presentation
• Walk-through of the scope of General
Chemistry 1 (Stoichiometry)
• Review of fundamental concepts
• Percent Composition
• Empirical and Molecular Formulas
• Stoichiometry based on chemical
formulas
• Stoichiometry based on balanced
chemical equations
 Stoichiometry
• quantitative relationships between the
amounts of reactants used and amounts of
products formed by a chemical reaction.
 Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
 Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Reactants appear on the

left side of the equation.
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Products appear on the

right side of the equation.
 Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

The states of the reactants and products

are written in parentheses to the right of
each compound.
 Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Coefficients are inserted to

balance the equation.
Subscripts and Coefficients
Give Different Information

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of

each element in a molecule
 Subscripts and Coefficients Give
Different Information

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of

each element in a molecule
• Coefficients tell the number of
molecules (compounds).
Reaction
Types
 Combination Reactions
• Two or more
substances
react to form
one product

• Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l)  C3H6Br2 (l)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)
 Decomposition Reactions
• One substance breaks down into two or more
substances

• Examples:
CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 KClO3 (s)  2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s)  2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
 Combustion Reactions
• Rapid reactions that
have oxygen as a
reactant sometimes
produce a flame
• Most often involve
hydrocarbons reacting
with oxygen in the air to
produce CO2 and H2O.

• Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
2H2 + O2 ------- 2H2O
 Single Replacement

• Metal replaces another metal ion from a

solution.
• Based on the position in the
activity/electromotive series
 Double Displacement

• Metathesis
• Two compounds react to form two new
compounds.
 Rules in Balancing Equations:
• K + H2O KOH + H2
• 1. Identify all the elements in the reactants and
the products. Put the
• reactants on the left and the products on the
right side with their
• correct number of atoms
• Reactants Products
• K=1 K=1
• H=2 H=3
• O=1 O=1
• Adding coefficient to balance the
equation. Coefficients are whole
• numbers that are placed in front
of the element or compound in
• the equation to indicate how many
units of each substance
• participate in the chemical
reaction.
• Check your balanced
equation by inspection to be
sure that you have the same
total number of each type of
atoms on both side of the
equation.
Formula
Weights
 Formula Weight (FW)
• Sum of the atomic weights for the atoms
in a chemical formula
• So, the formula weight of calcium
chloride, CaCl2, would be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
• These are generally reported for ionic
compounds
 Molecular Weight (MW)
• Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in
a molecule
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the
molecular weight would be

C: 2(12.0 amu)
+ H: 6(1.0 amu)
30.0 amu
 Activity
• What is the molecular mass of carbon
dioxide, CO2?
• 2. Determine the molecular mass of the
following molecules:
• a. Water, H2O
• b. Sugar, C6H12O6
Moles
Atomic mass unit and the mole
• amu definition: 12C = 12 amu.
• The atomic mass unit is defined this
way.
• 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g
• How many 12C atoms weigh 12 g?
• 6.02x1023 12C weigh 12 g.
• Avogadro’s number
• The mole
Atomic mass unit and the mole
• amu definition: 12C = 12 amu.
• 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g
• How many 12C atoms weigh 12 g?
• 6.02x1023 12C weigh 12 g.
• Avogadro’s number
• The mole

• #atoms = (1 atom/12 amu)(1 amu/1.66x10-24 g)(12g)

= 6.02x1023 12C weigh 12 g
 Therefore:

Any

• 6.02 x 1023
• 1 mole of 12C has a
mass of 12 g
 The mole

• The mole is just a number of things

• 1 dozen = 12 things
• 1 pair = 2 things
• 1 mole = 6.022141x1023 things
 Molar Mass
The trick:
• By definition, this is the mass of 1 mol of a
substance (i.e., g/mol)
– The molar mass of an element is the mass
number (atomic weight) for the element that
we find on the periodic table
– The formula weight (in amu’s) will be the
same number as the molar mass (in g/mol)
 Using Moles

Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to the

real-world scale
The number of moles correspond to the number of
molecules. 1 mole of any substance has the same
number of molecules.
 Mole Relationships

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains

Avogadro’s number of those particles
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadro’s number times the number of atoms or
ions of each element in the compound
 Percent Composition

One can find the percentage of the mass

of a compound that comes from each of
the elements in the compound by using
this equation:

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

% element = x 100
(FW of the compound)
 Percent Composition

So the percentage of carbon and

hydrogen in ethane (C2H6, molecular
mass = 30.0) is:
(2)(12.0 amu) 24.0 amu
%C = = x 100 = 80.0%
(30.0 amu) 30.0 amu

(6)(1.01 amu) 6.06 amu

%H = = x 100 = 20.0%
(30.0 amu) 30.0 amu
 Activity
• 1.Calculate the percent composition of
NaCl.
• 2. The chemical formula of glucose is
C6H12O6. Determine its percent
composition.
• 3. Which element comprising Mg(OH)2
has the highest percentage by mass?
 Finding
Empirical
Formulas
 Combustion Analysis
gives % composition

CnHnOn + O2 nCO2 + 1/2nH2O

• Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely
analyzed through combustion in a chamber like this
– %C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced
– %H is determined from the mass of H2O produced
– %O is determined by difference after the C and H have
been determined
Calculating Empirical Formulas

One can calculate the empirical formula from

the percent composition
 Calculating Empirical
Formulas
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have
seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the
empirical formula of PABA.
 Calculating Empirical
Formulas
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,

C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g
 Calculating Empirical Formulas
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005 
0.7288 mol
7
5.09 mol
0.7288 mol
H: = 6.984 
7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
1.458 mol
0.7288 mol
O: = 2.001 
Calculating Empirical Formulas

These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:

C7H7NO2
Elemental Analyses

Compounds
containing other
elements are
analyzed using
methods analogous
to those used for C,
H and O
 Calculate the empirical
formula for a compound that
contains 26.6% potassium,
35.4% chromium, and 38.1%
oxygen.
 Stoichiometry
• We will solve these problems using a “T”
chart just like we did for unit conversions,
but we will add additional cells

Given info Units to convert into Units to convert into etc

Units to cancel Units to cancel etc

and we use additional conversion factors

 Stoichiometric Calculations

The coefficients in the balanced equation give

the ratio of moles of reactants and products
 Stoichiometric Calculations
From the mass of
Substance A you can
use the ratio of the
coefficients of A and B
to calculate the mass
of Substance B
formed (if it’s a
product) or used (if
it’s a reactant)
 Stoichiometric Calculations
Example: 10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a
combustion reaction. How many grams of each product are
produced?

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

10.g ?
+ ?
Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…
we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O & CO2
and then turn the moles to grams
 Stoichiometric calculations
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
10.g ? + ?
MW: 180g/mol 44 g/mol 18g/mol
#mol: 10.g(1mol/180g)
0.055 mol 6(.055) 6(.055mol)
6(.055mol)44g/mol 6(.055mol)18g/mol
#grams: 15g 5.9 g
 Limiting
Reactants
 How Many Cookies Can I Make?

• You can make cookies until you run out of one of the ingredients
• Once you run out of sugar, you will stop making cookies
 How Many Cookies Can I Make?

• In this example the sugar would be the limiting reactant,

because it will limit the amount of cookies you can make
 Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in
the smallest stoichiometric amount

2H2 + O2 --------> 2H2O

#moles 14 7
10 5 10
Left: 0 2 10
 Limiting Reactants

In the example below, the O2 would be the

excess reagent
 Limiting reagent, example:
Soda fizz comes from sodium bicarbonate and citric acid (H3C6H5O7)
reacting to make carbon dioxide, sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) and water.
If 1.0 g of sodium bicarbonate and 1.0g citric acid are reacted, which is
limiting? How much carbon dioxide is produced?
3NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) ------> 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
1.0g 1.0g
84g/mol 192g/mol 44g/mol
1.0g(1mol/84g) 1.0(1mol/192g)
0.012 mol 0.0052 mol

(if citrate limiting)

0.0052(3)=0.016 0.0052 mol

So bicarbonate limiting:
0.012 mol 0.012(1/3)=.0040mol 0.012 moles CO2
44g/mol(0.012mol)=0.53g CO2
.0052-.0040=.0012mol left
0.0012 mol(192 g/mol)=
0.023 g left.
 Theoretical Yield
• The theoretical yield is the amount of
product that can be made
– In other words it’s the amount of product
possible from stoichiometry. The “perfect
reaction.”
• This is different from the actual yield, the
amount one actually produces and
measures
 Percent Yield
A comparison of the amount actually
obtained to the amount it was possible
to make
Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
 References
• Bookstaver, J.D. (n.d.) Retrieved from
www.pjmcelligottcom.com/chapter_03au.ppt
• _______. (n.d.) Retrieved from www.worldofteaching
.com/
powerpoints/chemistry/STOICHIOMETRY.ppt
• Redmore, F. (1980). Fundamentals of Chemistry.
Prentice-Hall.