MUSCLE

lecture-1

Dr.sagar soni

Definition: Muscle is a contractile tissue which brings about movements.

Muscle- (L. Mus-mouse ) Myo Muscles are called motors of the sarco body.

Types of muscle

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Skeletal muscle (Striped, Striated, somatic or voluntary) Smooth muscle ( Plain, non-striated, unstriped , visceral, involuntary ) Cardiac muscle. Myoepithelial cells. Myofibroblasts.

SKELETAL MUSCLE:

Characteristics :
Attached to skeleton. Striated. Under voluntary control. Rapid contractionsso easily get fatigued. Under higher control cerebral cortex. Each muscle fibre -multinucleated cylindrical cells

Parts of muscle: a) Two ends-

Origin Insertion

part remains fixed. part moves.

b)

Two parts-

fleshy part Belly Fibrous part when cord like--tendon when flattened--aponeurosis.

origin part remain fixed

fleshy part Belly

tendon insertion part moves

aponeurosis

Structure of striate muscle

A. Contractile tissue
B. Supporting tissue

Numerous muscle fibres Muscle fibre is a multinucleated, cross striated cylindrical cell (myocyte) 1 - 300 mm long

Endomysium - surrounds each muscle fibre Perimysium surrounds bundle of muscle Epimysium surrounds the entire muscle.

Myocyte ( muscle fiber ): Made up of sarcolemma (cell membrane ) enclosing

sarcoplasm. several hundreds of nuclei at periphery beneath the sarcolemma. A number of evenly distributed longitudinal threadsmyofibrils. myofibrils shows alternate dark / light bands .

Myofibrils made up of longitudinal protein called

Dark band knows as A band . Light band knows as I band. In middle of A band there is a light H band with M band in its middle. In middle of I band there is dark Z disk or kraaser membrane.

myofilaments . Two type - Actin - Myosin

Fascicular Architecture of muscle

A) Parallel fasciculi -- parallel to the line of pull Quadrilateral: Thyrohyoid.

Strap like:

Sternohyoid , sartorius.

Strap like with tendinous intersections: Rectus abdominis Fusiform: Biceps , Digastric

Range of movement is maximum in this group.

 B) Oblique fasciculi : Triangular: temporalis, adductor longus

Unipennate:
Bipennate :

flexor digitorum longus

dorsal interossei

Multipennate:

subscapularis, deltoid.

Circumpennate: tibialis ant.

 C) Spiral or twisted fasciculi Twisted

Trepezius Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Supinator

Cruciate
Sternocledomastoid Messeter.

Nomenclature of muscle
1. 2. 3.

4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

According to their shape According to their number of heads of origin According to their position. According to their action. According to their attachments. According to their depth. According to their size. According to their direction of their fibre

Bone marks produced by Muscle

Fleshly origins:

no marks, Pure tendons and ligaments: smooth mark elevated /depressed. Admixture of flesh and tendon or a lengthy insertion: rough mark Flat muscles:
Origin not extend to the margin b/w edge of bone & curved line there is bare area where muscle contracting muscle slide Bare area occupied by bursa

Lubricating mechanisms
1.
1.

Synovial bursae :
To reduce friction.

2.
1.

Synovial sheath:
Vencula tendinum of digital Synovial sheath.

3.
1.

Cartilage modification of periosteum:

Into hyline or fibro cartilage.

Blood supply
Muscular branches from the neighboring artery A,V,N, - neurovascular hilum of the muscle.

Nerve supply of skeletal muscle

Nerve supply a muscle motor nerve It is a mixed nerve and following types of fiber A) Motor fibres:( 60%) Alpha efferents - extrafusal muscle fibres. small gamma efferents - intrufusal muscle fibres. fine non-myelinated autonomic efferents - smooth muscle

B)Sensory fibres (40%) muscle spindle , tendon

Motor points motor nerve enters in muscle . Motor unit -

single alpha motor neuron together with muscle fibre. i) small motor units 5- 10 muscle fibre ii) large motor unit 100-200 muscle fibre Neuromuscular junctions :- cholinergic motor nerve ending rich in Ach.

Myocyte ( muscle fiber ): Made up of sarcolemma (cell membrane ) enclosing

sarcoplasm. several hundreds of nuclei at periphery beneath the sarcolemma. A number of evenly distributed longitudinal threadsmyofibrils. myofibrils shows alternate dark / light bands .

Myofibrils made up of longitudinal protein called

Dark band knows as A band . Light band knows as I band. In middle of A band there is a light H band with M band in its middle. In middle of I band there is dark Z disk or kraaser membrane.

myofilaments . Two type - Actin - Myosin

Action of Muscles
1.

Broadly, when a muscle contracts it shorten by 1/3 (30%) of its belly length bring about a movement. Length of the muscle may decrease. (isotonic contraction) remain uncharged (isometric contraction) increase, according to the functional of the body. Actions of muscles can be tested (a) anatomical dissection (b) electromyographically

2.

1.

Movement, coordinated activity of different groups of muscles. 1. Prime movers (agonists) : Bring about the desired movement ,prime mover helps opposite action by active controlled lengthening against gravity, action of paradox. 2. Antagonists ( opponents ) : oppose the prime movers, prime movers by active controlled relaxation, Movement is smooth and precise. 3. Fixators : Stabilize the proximal joints of a limb, desired movement at the distal joint. 4. Synergist: Prime movers cross more than one joint, undesired action at the proximal joint known as synergist.

APPLIED ANATOMY

PARALYSIS : Loss of more power paralysis . to inability of the muscles to contract caused either by damage to the motor neural pathway. MUSCULAR SPASM : Quite painful commonly caused by a muscle pull relaxed by appropriate treatment generalized muscle spasm occur in tetanus and epilepsy. DISUSED ATROPHY AND HYPERTROPHY : Become thin and weak disused atrophy adequate or excessive development , or even hypertrophy. Muscular wasting of lower motor neuron paralysis and generalized REGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE. Limited regeneration. replaced by connective tissue.

COMPARISON Characteristics
Location

Skeletal muscle
Usually attached to bones

Cardiac muscle
Present exclusively in heart

Smooth muscle
Wall of hollow visceras, trachea, bronchi, iris, ciliary body of eye, blood vessels, arrector pili muscle of hair Spindle shaped small

shape

Unbranched, thick , cylindrical Multinucleated placed peripheral beneath sarcolemma Prominent transverse striations (light and dark band) Six thin / one thick

Branched cylindrical

Nucleus

Single in each myocyte placed centrally Faint transverse striations

Single nucleus placed centrally

Sriations

Striations not seen

filament ratio

Six thin / one thick

Twelve thin / one thick

Connective tissue

Organized in the form of endo, epi and perimysium Present Voluntary Innervated by somatic nervous system

Endomysium only

Endomysium only

Motor end plate Motor control Nervous control

Absent Involuntary Innervated by autonomic nervous system

Absent Involuntary Innervated by autonomic nervous system