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Soft Computing-Unit1

Soft computing is an approach to computing that is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, and approximation. It includes techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. In contrast, hard computing aims for precise results and is suitable for problems that can be modeled mathematically. Examples of soft computing include handwriting recognition using neural networks. Soft computing techniques are inspired by human cognition and natural phenomena.

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87 views28 pages

Soft Computing-Unit1

Soft computing is an approach to computing that is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, and approximation. It includes techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. In contrast, hard computing aims for precise results and is suitable for problems that can be modeled mathematically. Examples of soft computing include handwriting recognition using neural networks. Soft computing techniques are inspired by human cognition and natural phenomena.

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namak sung lo
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Soft Computing

Unit 1
CONCEPT OF COMPUTATION

Input Computing Output


𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Control Action

Figure: Basic of computing

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑓 is a mapping function.


𝑓 is also called a formal method or an algorithm to solve a problem.
Important characteristics of computing

• Should provide precise solution.


• Control action should ne unambiguous and accurate.
• Suitable for problem, which is easy to model mathematically.
Hard computing

• In 1996, L. A. Zade (LAZ) introduced the term hard computing.


• According to LAZ: We term a computing as Hard computing, if
 Precise result is guaranteed.
 Control action is unambiguous.

 Control action is formally defined (i.e., with mathematical model or algorithm).


Examples of hard computing

• Solving numerical problems (e.g., roots of polynomials, integration,


etc.).
• Searching and sorting techniques.
• Solving computational geometry problems (e.g., shortest tour in a
graph, finding closet pair of points given a set of points, etc.).

• many more…
Soft computing

• The term soft computing was proposed by the inventor of fuzzy


logic, Lotfi A. Zadeh. He describes it as follows.
• Soft computing is a collection of methodologies that aim to exploit the
tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty to achieve tractability, robustness,
and low solution cost. Its principal constituents are fuzzy logic, neuro-
computing, and probabilistic reasoning. The role model for soft computing is
the human mind.
• Soft computing is the use of approximate calculations to provide
imprecise but usable solutions to complex computational problems.
Characteristics of soft computing

• It does not require any mathematical modeling of problem solving.


• It may not yield the precise solution.
• Algorithmsare adaptive (i.e., it can adjust to the
change of dynamic environment).
• Use some biological inspired methodologies such as genetics,
evolution, Ant’s behaviors, particles swarming, human nervous
system, etc.).
Examples of soft computing

• Example: Hand written character recognition (Artificial Neural


Networks)
How soft computing?

• How a student learns from his teacher?


• Teacher asks questions and tell the answers then.
• Teacher puts questions and hints answers and asks whether the answers
are correct or not.
• Student thus learn a topic and store in his memory.
• Based on the knowledge he solves new problems.
• This is the way how human brain works.
• Based on this concept Artificial Neural Network is used to solve problems.
How soft computing?

• How world selects the best?


• It starts with a population (random).
• Reproduces another population (next generation).
• Rank the population and selects the superior individuals.
• Genetic algorithm is based on this natural phenomena.
• Population is synonymous to solutions.
• Selection of superior solution is synonymous to exploring the optimal solution.
How soft computing?

• How a doctor treats his patient?


• Doctor asks the patient about suffering.
• Doctor find the symptoms of diseases.
• Doctor prescribed tests and medicines.
• This is exactly the way Fuzzy Logic works.
• Symptoms are correlated with diseases with uncertainty .
• Doctor prescribes tests/medicines fuzzily.
Hard computing vs. Soft computing
Hard computing vs. Soft computing
The tools for soft computing

• Fuzzy logic models


• Neural networks
• Genetic algorithms
• Machine Learning
• Probabilistic Reasoning
What is fuzzy

• Dictionary meaning of fuzzy is not clear, noisy, etc.


• Example: Ram is honest
• Antonym of fuzzy is crisp
• Example: Ram scored 55 in computer application course
Example : Fuzzy logic vs. Crisp logic
Artificial neural network

• • In fact, the human brain is a highly complex structure viewed as a massive, highly
• interconnected network of simple processing elements called neurons.
• • Artificial neural networks (ANNs) or simply we refer it as neural network (NNs), which
• are simplified models (i.e. imitations) of the biological nervous system, and obviously,
• therefore, have been motivated by the kind of computing performed by the human
• brain.
• • The behaviour of a biological neural network can be captured by a simple model called
• artificial neuron or perceptron.
Analogy between BNN and ANN
Artificial neural network
Background of Genetic Algorithm

• Firs time introduced by Prof. John Holland (of Michigan University, USA, 1965). But,
• the first article on GA was published in 1975.
• Principles of GA based on two fundamental biological processes:
• 1) Genetics: Gregor Johan Mendel (1865)
• 2) Evolution: Charles Darwin (1875)

• Genetic algorithm is a population‐based probabilistic search and optimization techniques, which works
based on the mechanisms of natural genetics and natural evaluation.
Framework of GA
FUTURE OF SOFT COMPUTING

• Soft computing represents a significant paradigm shift in the aims of


computing.

• A shift which reflects the fact that the human mind, unlike present day
computers, possesses a remarkable ability to store and process
information which is pervasively imprecise, uncertain and lacking in
categoricity.
Application Area: Soft computing

• Handwritten Script Recognition


• Image Processing and Data Compression
• Automotive Systems and Manufacturing
• Decision Support System
• Power System Analysis
• Bioinformatics
• Investment and Trading
Example: handwriting recognition

• A handwriting recognition system consists of


• image acquisition
• Preprocessing
• Segmentation
• feature extraction
• classification
• recognition stages.
• Soft computing approach provides better solution for handwriting recognition
problem than the traditional statistical approaches.
• The neural network concept can be used for the classification stage, which, is the
decision making part of any recognition system and will use the features
extracted in the previous stage.
Example: handwriting recognition

• The neural network classifier can be used for classification in


handwriting recognition problem.
• Fuzzy logic improves the recognition accuracy for the cases where
ambiguous or imprecise data is used.
• The concept of genetic algorithm also helps in providing optimal
handwriting recognition system.
Recent developments in soft computing

• People have started using techniques of soft computing like fuzzy sets theory, neural nets,
fuzzy neuro system, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), for driving various
numerical simulation analysis.
• Soft computing has helped in modeling the processes of machines with the help of artificial
intelligence. Also, there are certain areas where soft computing is in budding stages only and
is expected to see a massive evolution:
• Big Data
• Recommender system
• Behavior and decision science
• Mechanical Engineering
• Computer Engineering
• Civil Engineering
Reference

• NPTEL course on Soft Computing by Prof. Debasis Samanta


Contact Information

Soumalya.ghosh@galgotiasuniversity.edu.in

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