Flow Measurement (Basics) : Ashvani Shukla C&I Reliance
Flow Measurement (Basics) : Ashvani Shukla C&I Reliance
Flow Measurement (Basics) : Ashvani Shukla C&I Reliance
Measurement(basics)
Ashvani Shukla
C&I
Reliance
INTRODUCTION
• Combining the above we can classify any flow in to one of four type:
• 1. Steady uniform flow. Conditions do not change with position in the stream or
with time. An example is the flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at
constant velocity. Fluid Mechanics Fluid Dynamics: The Momentum and Bernoulli
Equations.
• 2. Steady non-uniform flow. Conditions change from point to point in the stream
but do not change with time. An example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant
velocity at the inlet - velocity will change as you move along the length of the
pipe toward the exit.
• 3. Unsteady uniform flow. At a given instant in time the conditions at every point
are the same, but will change with time. An example is a pipe of constant
diameter connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate which is then switched
off.
• 4. Unsteady non-uniform flow. Every condition of the flow may change from point
to point and with time at every point. For example waves in a channel.
CONTINUOUS
One
dimensional
flow
Two dimensional flow
Flow rate.
• Mass flow rate If we want to measure the rate at which water is flowing along
a pipe. A very simple way of doing this is to catch all the water coming out of
the pipe in a bucket over a fixed time period. Measuring the weight of the
water in the bucket and dividing this by the time taken to collect this water
gives a rate of accumulation of mass. This is know as the mass flow rate.
• Volume flow rate - Discharge. More commonly we need to know the volume
flow rate - this is more commonly know as discharge. (It is also commonly, but
inaccurately, simply called flow rate). The symbol normally used for discharge
is Q. The discharge is the volume of fluid flowing per unit time. Multiplying
this by the density of the fluid gives us the mass flow rate.
Type of flow measurement
• In a differential pressure
drop device the flow is
calculated by measuring
the pressure drop over an
obstructions inserted in the
flow. The differential
pressure flow meter is
based on the Bernoulli's
Equation, where the
pressure drop and the
further measured signal is a
function of the square flow
speed.
• Common types of differential pressure flow meters are:
• Orifice Plates
• Flow Nozzles
• Venturi Tubes
• Variable Area - Rota meters
• Orifice Plate
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing
pressure or for restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often
called a restriction plate). Either a volumetric or mass flow rate may
be determined, depending on the calculation associated with the
orifice plate.With an orifice plate, the fluid flow is measured through
the difference in pressure from the upstream side to the downstream
side of a partially obstructed pipe. The plate obstructing the flow
offers a precisely measured obstruction that narrows the pipe and
forces the flowing fluid to constrict.
continuous