Flow Measurement (Basics) : Ashvani Shukla C&I Reliance

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Flow

Measurement(basics)
Ashvani Shukla
C&I
Reliance
INTRODUCTION

• In the physical world, mechanical engineers are frequently


required to monitor or control the flow of various fluids through
pipes, ducts and assorted vessels. This fluid can range from thick
oils to light gasses. While some techniques work better with some
groups of fluids, and less well with others, some are not at all
suitable for some applications. In this primer on fluid flow
instrumentation we will look at a wide variety of flow transducers
and their application in the physical world.
Fluid flow measurement
• Fluid flow measurement can encompass a wide variety of fluids and applications.
To meet this wide variety of applications the instrumentation industry has, over
many years, developed a wide variety of instruments. The earliest known uses for
flow come as early as the first recorded history. The ancient Sumerian cities of
UR and Kish, near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (around 5000 B.C.) used water
flow measurement to manage the flow of water through the aqueducts feeding
their cities. In this age the a simple obstruction was placed in the water flow, and
by measuring the height of the water flowing over the top of the obstruction,
these early engineers could determine how much water was flowing. In 1450 the
Italian art architect Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer. It
consisted of a disk placed perpendicular to the wind, and the force of the wind
caused it to rotate. The angle of inclination of the disk would then indicate the
wind velocity. This was the first recorded instrument to measure wind speed. An
English inventor, Robert Hooke reinvented this device in 1709, along with the
Mayan Indians around that same period of time. Today we would look down our
noses at these crude methods of flow measurement, but as you will see, these
crude methods are still in use today.
TYPE OF FLOW
•There are in general three types of fluid flow in pipes
•laminar
•turbulent
•transient
•Laminar flow
•Laminar flow generally happens when dealing with small pipes and low flow velocities.
Laminar flow can be regarded as a series of liquid cylinders in the pipe, where the
innermost parts flow the fastest, and the cylinder touching the pipe isn't moving at all.
•Shear stress in a laminar flow depends almost only on viscosity - μ - and is independent
of density - ρ.
•Turbulent flow
•In turbulent flow vortices, eddies and wakes make the flow unpredictable. Turbulent
flow happens in general at high flow rates and with larger pipes.
•Shear stress in a turbulent flow is a function of density - ρ.
•Transitional flow

CONTINUE…..
• Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in
the center of the pipe, and laminar flow near the edges. Each of these flows
behave in different manners in terms of their frictional energy loss while flowing
and have different equations that predict their behavior.
• Turbulent or laminar flow is determined by the dimensionless Reynolds Number.
• Reynolds Number
• The Reynolds number is important in analyzing any type of flow when there is
substantial velocity gradient (i.e. shear.) It indicates the relative significance of
the viscous effect compared to the inertia effect. The Reynolds number is
proportional to inertial force divided by viscous force.
• The flow is
• laminar when Re < 2300
• transient when 2300 < Re < 4000
• turbulent when 4000 < Re
TYPE OF FLOW
• Uniform Flow, Steady Flow
• It is possible - and useful - to classify the type of flow which is being examined into small number
of groups. If we look at a fluid flowing under normal circumstances - a river for example - the
conditions at one point will vary from those at another point (e.g. different velocity) we have
non-uniform flow. If the conditions at one point vary as time passes then we have unsteady flow.
Under some circumstances the flow will not be as changeable as this. He following terms
describe the states which are used to classify fluid flow: •
• uniform flow: If the flow velocity is the same magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid
it is said to be uniform. •
• non-uniform: If at a given instant, the velocity is not the same at every point the flow is non-
uniform. (In practice, by this definition, every fluid that flows near a solid boundary will be non-
uniform - as the fluid at the boundary must take the speed of the boundary, usually zero.
However if the size and shape of the of the cross-section of the stream of fluid is constant the
flow is considered uniform.) •
• steady: A steady flow is one in which the conditions (velocity, pressure and cross-section) may
differ from point to point but DO NOT change with time. • unsteady: If at any point in the fluid,
the conditions change with time, the flow is described as unsteady. (In practice there is always
slight variations in velocity and pressure, but if the average values are constant, the flow is
considered steady.
CONTINUOUS

• Combining the above we can classify any flow in to one of four type:
• 1. Steady uniform flow. Conditions do not change with position in the stream or
with time. An example is the flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at
constant velocity. Fluid Mechanics Fluid Dynamics: The Momentum and Bernoulli
Equations.
• 2. Steady non-uniform flow. Conditions change from point to point in the stream
but do not change with time. An example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant
velocity at the inlet - velocity will change as you move along the length of the
pipe toward the exit.
• 3. Unsteady uniform flow. At a given instant in time the conditions at every point
are the same, but will change with time. An example is a pipe of constant
diameter connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate which is then switched
off.
• 4. Unsteady non-uniform flow. Every condition of the flow may change from point
to point and with time at every point. For example waves in a channel.
CONTINUOUS

• Compressible or Incompressible All fluids are compressible - even


water - their density will change as pressure changes. Under
steady conditions, and provided that the changes in pressure are
small, it is usually possible to simplify analysis of the flow by
assuming it is incompressible and has constant density. As you will
appreciate, liquids are quite difficult to compress - so under most
steady conditions they are treated as incompressible. In some
unsteady conditions very high pressure differences can occur and
it is necessary to take these into account - even for liquids.
Gasses, on the contrary, are very easily compressed, it is essential
in most cases to treat these as compressible, taking changes in
pressure into account.
continuous

• Three-dimensional flow Although in general all fluids flow three-


dimensionally, with pressures and velocities and other flow properties
varying in all directions, in many cases the greatest changes only occur
in two directions or even only in one. In these cases changes in the
other direction can be effectively ignored making analysis much more
simple. Flow is one dimensional if the flow parameters (such as
velocity, pressure, depth etc.) at a given instant in time only vary in
the direction of flow and not across the cross-section. The flow may be
unsteady, in this case the parameter vary in time but still not across
the cross-section. An example of one-dimensional flow is the flow in a
pipe. Note that since flow must be zero at the pipe wall - yet non-zero
in the Centre - there is a difference of parameters across the cross-
section. Should this be treated as two-dimensional flow? Possibly - but
it is only necessary if very high accuracy is required. A correction factor
is then usually applied.
continuous
• Flow is two-dimensional if it can be assumed that the flow parameters vary in
the direction of flow and in one direction at right angles to this direction.
Streamlines in two-dimensional flow are curved lines on a plane and are the
same on all parallel planes. An example is flow over a weir foe which typical
streamlines can be seen in the figure below. Over the majority of the length of
the weir the flow is the same - only at the two ends does it change slightly.
Here correction factors may be applied.

One
dimensional
flow
Two dimensional flow
Flow rate.

• Mass flow rate If we want to measure the rate at which water is flowing along
a pipe. A very simple way of doing this is to catch all the water coming out of
the pipe in a bucket over a fixed time period. Measuring the weight of the
water in the bucket and dividing this by the time taken to collect this water
gives a rate of accumulation of mass. This is know as the mass flow rate.
• Volume flow rate - Discharge. More commonly we need to know the volume
flow rate - this is more commonly know as discharge. (It is also commonly, but
inaccurately, simply called flow rate). The symbol normally used for discharge
is Q. The discharge is the volume of fluid flowing per unit time. Multiplying
this by the density of the fluid gives us the mass flow rate.
Type of flow measurement

• The most common principals for fluid flow


metering are:
• Differential Pressure Flow meters
• Velocity Flow meters
• Positive Displacement Flow meters
• Mass Flow meters
• Open Channel Flow meters
1.Differential Pressure Flow meters

• In a differential pressure
drop device the flow is
calculated by measuring
the pressure drop over an
obstructions inserted in the
flow. The differential
pressure flow meter is
based on the Bernoulli's
Equation, where the
pressure drop and the
further measured signal is a
function of the square flow
speed.
• Common types of differential pressure flow meters are:
• Orifice Plates
• Flow Nozzles
• Venturi Tubes
• Variable Area - Rota meters
• Orifice Plate

An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing
pressure or for restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often
called a restriction plate). Either a volumetric or mass flow rate may
be determined, depending on the calculation associated with the
orifice plate.With an orifice plate, the fluid flow is measured through
the difference in pressure from the upstream side to the downstream
side of a partially obstructed pipe. The plate obstructing the flow
offers a precisely measured obstruction that narrows the pipe and
forces the flowing fluid to constrict.
continuous

• Orifice Plate is the heart of the Orifice Meter. It restricts


the flow and develops the Differential Pressure which is
proportional to the square of the flow rate. The flow
measuring accuracy entirely depends upon the quality of
Orifice plate, its installation and maintains.

• When measuring wet gas or saturated steam a weep hole


is drilled in a concentrically bored orifice plate. This is a
small hole drilled on the orifice plate such that its
location is exactly on ID of the main pipe.
Interesting, right?
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