Chapter - 3
Chapter - 3
Chapter - 3
The science which deals with the action of forces causing the motion of
the fluid is known as hydrokinetics or kinetics.
Types of Flow:
Steady flow
The steady flow In which the fluid characteristics like density, pressure,
velocity at a point do not change with respect to time.
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Unsteady Flow:
The unsteady flow in which the fluid characteristics density, pressure, velocity
at a point changes with respect to time.
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Uniform flow and Non Uniform flow
The uniform flow is defined as the type of fluid in which the flow
parameters like density, pressure, velocity etc, at a given time do not
change with respect to space.
,
The non-uniform flow is defines as the type of fluid in which the flow
parameters like density, pressure, velocity etc, at a given time change
with respect to space.
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Laminar Flow and Turbulent flow
A flow is known as laminar flow when the fluid particles move in layers without
causing any interference to each other. Also, If the Reynold’s number is less than
2000, then the flow is said to be Laminar flow.
A flow is known as turbulent flow when the fluid particles does not have a definite
path and the individual particles moves in random fashion. Also, If the Reynold’s no.
is more than 4000, then the flow is said to be turbulent flow.
Laminar Flow, Transitional flow and Turbulent flow
5. Rare in practice in water Eg: Dye stream 5. Mathematical analysis very difficult - so
systems. wavers in water - experimental measures are used.
mixes slightly. Eg: Dye mixes rapidly and completely.
Eg: Dye does not mix with
water
Compressible & Incompressible flows:
Compressible flow is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having
significant changes in fluid density. Generally, all gases are compressible in nature.
Incompressible flow is the branch of fluid mechanics which refers the flow in which the
density is constant within a fluid. Generally, all liquids are incompressible in nature.
There are three basic principles used in analyzing the problems of fluid flow. They are:
1.Principle of conservation of mass
2.Principle of conservation of energy
3.Principle of conservation of momentum
The discharge of a flowing fluid through any passage is measured by the volume of the fluid flowing in
a specified time i.e., it is the quantity of fluid flowing per second through a section of a pipe or channel.
This is also known as rate of discharge or rate of flow or simply discharge. It is denoted by the letter
“Q” and it is expressed in m3/sec or liters/sec.
Let a – cross section area of the pipe in m2
V – Average velocity of flow m/sec
Consider any cross section of pipe. A quantity of fluid equal to a cylinder length L and cross sectional
area of a m2 will pass through this section in one second.
Rate of discharge (Q) = Area * Average velocity of flow
Q=a*v m3/sec
This is known as theoretical discharge. The actual discharge will be less than the theoretical discharge
since there will be losses in actual practice.
Problem 1
The diameter of the pipe at section 1 and 2 are 10cm and 15cm
respectively. Find the discharge through the pipe if the velocity of water
flowing through the pipe at Secion1 is 5m/s. Determine also, the velocity
at section 2.
Problem 2
Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2m diameter at 3m/s and then passes
through a pipe BC 1.5m diameter. At C, the pipe branches. Branch CD
is 0.8m in diameter and carries one-third of the flow in AB. The flow
velocity in branch CE is 2.5m/s. Find the volume rate of flow in AB, the
velocity in BC, the velocity in CD and diameter of CE.
Bernoulli’s equation for an Ideal fluid:
For a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in steady flow, the sum of Pressure,
potential and kinetic energies per unit weight is constant at any point. This is
called the Bernoulli Equation.
Assumptions
The following assumptions are made while applying Bernoulli’s equation to a
flow
1. The flow is ideal, ie, the viscosity is zero.
2. The flow is steady.
3. The flow is incompressible.
The equation is,
Where,
Ans:-13.1m
Problem 5
Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of
200000 Pa. At the nozzle the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure
(101300 Pa), there is no change in height. Use the Bernoulli equation to
calculate the velocity of the water exiting the nozzle. (Hint: The density of water
is 1000 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.81 m/s2 . Pay attention to units!)]
Ans:14 m/s
Problem 6
Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 600 mm and 400 mm at the bottom
and upper end respectively. The intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 350 kN/m 2
and the pressure at upper end is 100 kN/m2. Determine the difference in datum head if
the rate of flow through the pipe is 60 liters/sec.
Problem 7:
Water flows in a circular pipe. At one section the diameter is 0.3 m, the static pressure
is 260 kPa gauge, the velocity is 3 m/s and the elevation is 10 m above ground level.
The elevation at a section downstream is 0 m, and the pipe diameter is 0.15 m. Find
out the gauge pressure at the downstream section.
Venturimeter:
A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a
pipe. Due to simplicity and dependability, the Venturi tube flow meter is often used in
applications where it's necessary with lower pressure drops, than the orifice plate can
provide. In the Venturi Tube, the fluid flow rate is measured by reducing the cross sectional
flow area in the flow path, generating a pressure difference. After the constricted area, the
fluid passes through a pressure recovery exit section, where up to 80% of the differential
pressure generated at the constricted area, is recovered.
It consists of three parts:
1.A short converging part
2.Throat
3.Diverging part
Venturimeter
Value of h is given by differential manometer
Case 1: Case 2 :
Let the differential manometer If the differential manometer contains a liquid
contains a liquid which is heavier which is lighter than the liquid flowing through
than the liquid flowing through the the pipe, the value of h is given by
pipe. Sl – Specific gravity of the lighter liquid in U-
Sh – Specific gravity of the heavier tube.
liquid S0 - Specific gravity of the liquid flowing
S0 - Specific gravity of the liquid through pipe
flowing through pipe x – Difference of the heavier liquid column in
x – Difference of the U-tube,
heavier liquid column in U-tube Then,
Then,
Problem 8 :
A horizontal Venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 300 mm and 150 mm
respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The reading of differential
manometer connected to the inlet and the throat is 20 cm of mercury. Determine
the rate of flow. Take Cd = 0.98.
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