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    Prelim Lesson 1 B. History of Globalization

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    JANETH SATRAIN
    Globalization began intensifying in the late 19th century as improved transportation and communication technologies facilitated increased movement of people, goods, and ideas across national borders. The expansion of capitalism on a global scale, driven by multinational corporations seeking profit in international markets, has been a major force in globalization. However, globalization does not create a homogeneous world, as local contexts lead to varied interpretations and reactions, and cultural and political differences remain valid.

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    Prelim Lesson 1 B. History of Globalization

    Uploaded by

    JANETH SATRAIN
    26 views18 pages
    Globalization began intensifying in the late 19th century as improved transportation and communication technologies facilitated increased movement of people, goods, and ideas across national borders. The expansion of capitalism on a global scale, driven by multinational corporations seeking profit in international markets, has been a major force in globalization. However, globalization does not create a homogeneous world, as local contexts lead to varied interpretations and reactions, and cultural and political differences remain valid.

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    Prelim-Lesson-1-b.-History-of-Globalization

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    Globalization began intensifying in the late 19th century as improved transportation and communication technologies facilitated increased movement of people, goods, and ideas across national borders. The expansion of capitalism on a global scale, driven by multinational corporations seeking profit in international markets, has been a major force in globalization. However, globalization does not create a homogeneous world, as local contexts lead to varied interpretations and reactions, and cultural and political differences remain valid.

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    26 views18 pages

    Prelim Lesson 1 B. History of Globalization

    Uploaded by

    JANETH SATRAIN
    Globalization began intensifying in the late 19th century as improved transportation and communication technologies facilitated increased movement of people, goods, and ideas across national borders. The expansion of capitalism on a global scale, driven by multinational corporations seeking profit in international markets, has been a major force in globalization. However, globalization does not create a homogeneous world, as local contexts lead to varied interpretations and reactions, and cultural and political differences remain valid.

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    You are on page 1of 18

    What is Globalization?

    • Refers to the processes by which more people


    across large distances become connected
    (connectivity and interconnectivity) in more
    different ways.
    ------ This happens when a country loses of control
    our own system.
    • Deterritorialization is the process through which
    the constraints of physical space lose their hold on
    social relations ()
    What is Globalization?
    • The process by which capitalism expands across
    the globe as powerful economic actors seek profit
    in global markets and impose their rules
    everywhere.
    • Also known as Neoliberalism.
    • Means different things to different people.
    The general consensus of the
    theorists:

    Globalization involves cultural,


    economic, political transformations.

    ARGUMENT:
    Theorizing on how these domains
    intersect, overlap, and influence one
    another.
    ROOTS OF GLOBALIZATION
    (3 competing views of theorists)
    1. Globalizing forces have been evolving since the
    beginning of human history (over 5,000 years).

    2. Globalization began with the rise of the modern


    era and the development of capitalism; 500 years
    ago (Immanuel Wallerstein).

    3. Globalization became intense in the 2nd half of


    the second century(post-industrial economies
    and contemporary restructuring of capitalism.
    Immanuel
    Wallerstein It was with the emergence of the
    (1930 – present) modern world economy in the 16th
    century Europe that we saw the
    economic predominance of market
    trade.

    This was the system called capitalism.

    Capitalism and a world economy…


    are observe sides of the same coin.
    Expansion of the capitalist
    WORLD economy
    SYSTEM
    THEORY
    Cheap labor

    Power
    Capital controlled Dependency
    accumulation by
    MNCs/TNCs’

    Exploitation of Social problems/rise


    natural of social
    resources discontentment
    A theory of Globalization that explains
    capitalism
    • World-System Theory – a perspective that globalization is
    essentially the expansion of the capitalist system around the
    globe.
    • The capitalist world system originated in the 16th century
    when European traders/colonizers established
    connections/colonies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
    • At the core of the system, the dominant classes were
    supported by strong states as they exploit cheap labor,
    resources, and trade opportunities, most notably in peripheral
    areas (DEPENDENCY)
    • Central purpose is capital accumulation through profit gained
    by competing firms, which go through cycles of growth and
    decline (Transnational and multinational corporations).
    3 types of world systems

    1. World empires (e.g., Rome,medieval China)

    2. World economies (no one nation has


    control)

    • 3. Socialist world gov’t (does not/has not


    existed)
    i ta list y
    l
    Cap s/high ED
    ti on I NI SH
    na ed(F S)
    Core ve lop DUCT
    de PRO
    nations
    ti ons
    i st na
    i tal
    Cap
    Semi
    peripheral
    nations
    g g ling
    s (stru port
    ati on s) ex
    i n g n nation s
    ve lop oited terial
    De expl m a
    and raw
    Peripheral
    nations
    Emergence of Globalization
    • Globalization has been happening for a long time.
    (16th century Europe as the original source.)
    • Europeans established worldwide trade connections
    on their own terms, brought their culture to
    different regions by settling vast areas, and defined
    the ways in which the different people were to
    interact with each other.
    • Late 19th century the period of intense globalization,
    when million migrated, trade generally expanded and
    new norms (Western orientation) and organizations
    came to govern international conduct.
    • 20th-century movement of people, goods, and
    finance across national borders was at least as free
    and significant as it is today. The 2nd half of the
    20th century was a significant period of
    globalization in its own right.
    • World War II gave globalization a new impetus.
    Obscured by Cold War divisions, the transformation
    of world society – in terms of linkages, institutions,
    culture, and consciousness was nevertheless
    profound.
    GLOBALIZATION AND THE
    EXPANDING MARKET
    • Expanding Market - is the process of offering a product or
    service to a wider section of an existing market or into a
    new demographic, psychographic or geographic market.
    • An economic system operating along capitalist lines now
    encompasses most regions of the world, and economic
    motivates always have been important in creating global
    linkages, globalization takes place in many spheres for
    many reasons.
    • The economy may be a driving force in creating global
    change in some periods, but its effects depend on what
    happens outside of the world market.
    Impact to societies
    HOMOGENEOUS WORLD
    • Activities or institutions become global,
    displacing existing local variable
    activities and institutions.
    • Linkages, global institutions, and global
    values----- means that more people will
    have more in common (outcome of
    interconnectivity)
    Reasons Why Globalization will
    not make the World Homogenous
    • General rules and models are interpreted in light of local
    circumstances.
    • Regions respond to similar economic constraints in different
    ways; countries still have great leeway in structuring their
    own policies; the same television program means different
    things to audiences;
    ---- (for example, McDonald’s adapting its menu and marketing
    to local tastes)—other examples??
    • Growing similarity provokes reactions. Advocates for many
    cultures seek to protect their heritage or assert their
    identity. (action of indigenous people to claim their right to
    cultural survival. Impact of modernity??
    Reasons Why Globalization will
    not make the World Homogeneous
    • Cultural and political differences have themselves
    become globally valid.
    • The notion that the people and countries are
    entitled to their particularity of
    uniqueness/distinctiveness is itself part of global
    culture.
    • The tension between homogeneity and
    heterogeneity is integral to globalization.

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