Mitosis-And-Meiosis-Ppt 7781

Cell
Division
Mitosis &
Meiosis
Image: Cell Division, Wikipedia From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
– Cell grows.
– DNA is replicated.
– Mitotic cell division produces
daughter cells identical to the
parent.
– Repeat.
The timing of replication and

cell division is highly
regulated.
Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
2 major phases:
• Interphase (3 stages)
– DNA is not condensed
• Mitosis (4 stages + cytokinesis)

– Nuclear division & division of
cytoplasm
– DNA condensed
Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Interphase
Non-dividing state
with 3 sub-stages:
Gap 1 – cell grows in size
– organelles replicated
Synthesis – replication of DNA

– synthesis of proteins
associated with DNA
Gap 2 – synthesis of proteins

associated with mitosis
Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler; Interphase in Onion Cell

Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Mitosis
Division of somatic cells (non-reproductive
cells) in eukaryotic organisms.
A single cell divides into two identical

daughter cells.
Daughter cells have same number of

chromosomes as does parent cell.
Packing for the move…
When the cell is not dividing…
• DNA molecules are in extended,
uncondensed form = chromatin
• Cell can only replicate and
transcribe DNA when it is in the
extended state.
When the cell is preparing for

division…
• DNA molecules condense to form
chromosomes prior to division.
• each chromosome is a single
molecule of DNA
• easier to sort and organize the
replicated DNA into daughter cells
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Mitosis
4 sub-phases:
1st – Prophase
2nd – Metaphase
3rd – Anaphase
4th – Telophase
followed by
Cytokinesis
Image: Mitosis diagram, Marek Kultys From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
1. Prophase
chromatin condensing
nucleus
chromosomes
nucleolus
Three Major Events

centrioles
1. chromosomes
condense
2. spindle fibers form
1. (spindle fibers are
specialized microtubules
radiating out from centrioles)
3. chromosomes are captured by spindle
2. Metaphase
• chromosomes align along the
equator of the cell, with one
chromatid facing each pole
centrioles
chromosomes
spindle fibers
Images: Metaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Metaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown
3. Anaphase
• sister chromatids separate
• spindle fibers attached to

kinetochores shorten and pull
chromatids towards the poles.
• free spindle fibers lengthen and

push the poles of the cell apart
Images: Anaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Anaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
4. Telophase
• spindle fibers disintegrate
• nuclear envelopes form around both groups
of chromosomes
• chromosomes revert to their extended state
• cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each daughter
nucleus into a separate cell
Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Telophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell
• Plant cells undergo cytokinesis

by forming a cell plate between
the two daughter nuclei.
• Animal cells undergo

cytokinesis through the
formation of a cleavage furrow. A
ring of microtubules contract,
pinching the cell in half.
Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Ciliate dividing, TheAlphaWolf; Telophase Onion Cell Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Genetics Terminology
SEXually reproducing eukaryotes have two types of body cells…
Made
you
look!
1. somatic cells
2. sex cells
(a.k.a. gametes, germline)
Image: Superficial human anatomy, Mikael Hä ggströ m& Rainer

Zenz; Sperm & egg, Wikipedia From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
What is cell division of gametes called?
Meiosis
- A single germ cell divides into four unique daughter cells.
- Daughter cells have half the # of chromosomes as parent cell, so

they are considered haploid.
Image: Overview of Meiosis,

National Institutes of Health From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Genetics Terminology: Ploidy
Refers to the number of sets of
chromosomes in cells.
● Haploid – one copy of each chromosome
– designated as “n”, the number of
chromosomes in one “set”
– gametes
● Diploid – two sets of chromosomes (two of

each chromosome)
– designated as “2n”
– somatic cells
Diploid organisms receive one of each type of
chromosome from female parent (maternal chromosomes) and
one of each type of chromosome from male parent
(paternal chromosomes)

Genetics Terminology: Homologous
Chromosomes exist in homologous pairs in

diploid (2n) cells.
Exception: Sex chromosomes (X, Y).
All other chromosomes (autosomes) have homologues.

Sexual Reproduction
• Fusion of two gametes to

produce a single zygote.
• Introduces greater genetic

variation, allows genetic
recombination.
• Zygote has gametes from

two different parents
(except in cases of self-
fertilizing organisms).
Rose + Greg = Steven

Images: Rose, Greg, and Steven, Steven Universe From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Sexual reproduction in humans …
• At fertilization, 23 chromosomes
are donated by each parent.
(total = 46 or 23 pairs).
• Gametes (sperm/ova):
– Contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex
chromosome.
– Are haploid (haploid number “n” = 23
in humans).
• Fertilization results in diploid zygote.

– Diploid cell; 2n = 46. (n = 23 in humans)
• Q: Most cells in the body are produced through what type of cell division?
(Remember, only gametes are produced through meiosis)
Image: Superficial human anatomy, Mikael Hä ggströ m&

Rainer Zenz; Sperm & egg, Wikipedia From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Meiosis - Sex Cell (Gamete) Formation
In meiosis, there
are 2 divisions
of the nucleus:
meiosis I
&
meiosis II
Image: Overview of Meiosis,

National Institutes of Health From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Meiosis diagram, Marek Kultys
Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction
Life Cycle
*
Mitosis
* *
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Animal Life Cycle, Dr. T’s Bio 328 Genetics
Genetic Variation in Diploid Organisms
Fusion of sperm and egg results in unique

offspring…
…but not only because the young are a product
of two individuals with different genetic
makeup.
Meiosis also “shuffles” the genes so that the
an individual’s gametes are genetically
different from one another.
How is this shuffling accomplished?

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Meiosis diagram, Marek Kultys
Genetic shuffling of Meiosis I
In addition to a new combination of chromosomes resulting from
fertilization, there are also events in Meiosis I that shuffle the
genes.
1. Crossing over in Prophase I.
2. Independent assortment in Metaphase I.

Crossing Over
• Homologues break at identical
locations, then rejoin opposite
partners.
• This creates new combinations

of the alleles on each
chromosome.
• Occurs randomly several times

on every chromosome.
• Results in mixing of the genes

you inherited from your
parents.

Independent Assortment
Variation from genetic
recombination
• Independent assortment of chromosomes
– meiosis introduces genetic variation
– gametes of offspring do not have same
combination of genes as gametes from parents
• random assortment in humans produces
223 (8,388,608) different combinations in gametes
new gametes
from Mom from Dad offspring made by offspring
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
• 2n • 1n
• Daughter cells different
• Clone
from parent cell and from
• Same genetic each other.
information in parent
• Daughter cells have ½ the
cell and daughter cell.
number of chromosomes
• Give me another one as somatic cell.
just like the other one!
• Shuffling the genes
(Mix it up!)

Image: Mitosis diagram & Meiosis diagram, Marek Kultys From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Drawing and Labeling Chromosomes
Centromere
Sister Sister
Chromatid Chromatid
Unreplicated
Uncondensed Replicated
Chromosome Uncondensed
Chromosome
(chromatin)
(chromatin)

Drawing & Labeling Homologous Chromosomes
Unreplicated, Replicated,
Condensed, Condensed,
Homologous Chrom Homologous
osomes Chromosomes

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Cell

The timing of replication and

• Mitosis (4 stages + cytokinesis)

Synthesis – replication of DNA

Gap 2 – synthesis of proteins

Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler; Interphase in Onion Cell

A single cell divides into two identical

Daughter cells have same number of

When the cell is preparing for

Three Major Events

Images: Metaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

• spindle fibers attached to

• free spindle fibers lengthen and

Images: Anaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

• Plant cells undergo cytokinesis

• Animal cells undergo

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Image: Superficial human anatomy, Mikael Hä ggströ m& Rainer

- Daughter cells have half the # of chromosomes as parent cell, so

Image: Overview of Meiosis,

● Diploid – two sets of chromosomes (two of

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Chromosomes exist in homologous pairs in

Exception: Sex chromosomes (X, Y).

All other chromosomes (autosomes) have homologues.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

• Fusion of two gametes to

• Introduces greater genetic

• Zygote has gametes from

Rose + Greg = Steven

• Fertilization results in diploid zygote.

Image: Superficial human anatomy, Mikael Hä ggströ m&

Image: Overview of Meiosis,

Fusion of sperm and egg results in unique

How is this shuffling accomplished?

1. Crossing over in Prophase I.

2. Independent assortment in Metaphase I.

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

• This creates new combinations

• Occurs randomly several times

• Results in mixing of the genes

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

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