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Group 2

The document discusses modeling single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems. It describes SDOF systems as being simple but applicable to engineering problems. The basic components of mechanical systems are described as inertia, stiffness, damping, and energy sources. Springs, viscous damping, inertia elements, and other potential energy sources like gravity and buoyancy are discussed as components of SDOF systems. Examples of modeling springs and calculating their stiffness are provided.

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Xaviour Luis Mercurio Cunanan
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34 views14 pages

Group 2

The document discusses modeling single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems. It describes SDOF systems as being simple but applicable to engineering problems. The basic components of mechanical systems are described as inertia, stiffness, damping, and energy sources. Springs, viscous damping, inertia elements, and other potential energy sources like gravity and buoyancy are discussed as components of SDOF systems. Examples of modeling springs and calculating their stiffness are provided.

Uploaded by

Xaviour Luis Mercurio Cunanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2:

MODELING OF SDOF SYSTEM

GROUP 2
BALANE, JOHN JAYSON
CUNANAN, XAVIOUR LUIS
ESPORLAS, MARK CEDRIC
INTRODUCTION TO SDOF SYSTEM

• When it comes to engineering, it is often ideal to simplify


a system in a way that makes it easier to work out any
necessary calculations. This process of modeling a system is
very common in a variety of engineering fields, and quite
possibly the simplest system that can be modeled is a single
degree of freedom (SDOF) system.
• SDOF systems may be simple, but they have actual
applicability to various engineering problems, and if an
engineer is able to understand how an SDOF system can be
described and modeled using an equation, it is not much of a
leap to go from there to higher levels of engineering
systems.
• The basic components of a mechanical system are inertia,
stiffness, damping, and a source of work or energy. Inertia
components store kinetic energy. Stiffness components store
poten- tial energy. Damping components dissipate energy.
Energy sources provide energy to the system.
• This chapter begins with a discussion of potential energy sources, mainly springs.
• The helical coil spring serves as the model for all linear springs. Structural components, such as bars under- going
longitudinal motion, shafts under rotational motion, and beams undergoing trans- verse vibrations, all store potential energy
and can be modeled as springs.
• Combinations of springs may be replaced by a single spring of an equivalent stiffness. Hanging springs acting under
gravity store potential energy when in static equilibrium. However, the potential energy stored in the spring due to
deflection from its equilibrium position cancels with the potential energy due to gravity for a linear system, when modeling
a linear system.
• Viscous damping refers to any form of damping in which the friction force is propor- tional to the velocity. Viscous
dampers are inserted into mechanical systems because they add a linear term in the differential equation. The energy
dissipated due to the viscous damping force is considered and an equivalent viscous damping coefficient is calculated for a
combination of viscous dampers.
• An inertia element is anything that has mass or stores kinetic energy. The principles of dynamics reviewed in Chapter 1
govern the motion of inertia elements. An equivalent mass can be calculated for a SDOF system when it includes several
inertia elements. The inertia effects of springs and entrained fluids are taken into account with an equivalent mass model.
SPRINGS

A spring is a flexible mechanical link between two particles in a mechanical system. In real-ity a spring itself is a
continuous system. However, the inertia of the spring is usually small compared to other elements in the
mechanical system and is neglected. Under this assumption the force applied to each end of the spring is the
same. The length of a spring when it is not subject to external forces is called its unstretched length. Since the
spring is made of a flexible material, the force F that must be applied to the spring to change its length by x is
some continuous function of x.
F=f(x)

All springs are inherently nonlinear. However in many situations x is small enough that the nonlinear
terms are small compared with k1x. A linear spring obeys a force-displacement law of
F=kx
where k is called the spring stiffness or spring constant and
has dimensions of force per length.
The work done by a force is calculated according to
Equation. For a linear system where the spring force is
applied to a particle whose displacement is x, in the
horizontal direction the force is represented by –kxi, and the
differential displacement vector is dxi. The work done by
the spring force as its point of application moves from a
position described by to a position described by x2 is

Since the work depends upon the initial and final position of
the point of application of the spring force and not the path
of the system, the spring force is conservative. A potential
energy function can be defined for a spring as

where x is the change in the length of the spring from its unstretched
length.
A torsional spring is a link in a mechanical system where application of a torque leads to an angular displacement between
the ends of the torsional spring. A linear torsional spring has a relationship between an applied moment M and the angular
displacement of

where the torsional stiffness kt has dimensions of force times length. The potential energy function for a torsional spring is
HELICAL COIL SPRING

The helical coil spring is used in applications such as


industrial machines and vehicle sus-pension systems.
Consider a spring manufactured from a rod of circular
cross section of diameter D. The shear modulus of the rod
is G. The rod is formed into a coil of N turns of radius r. It
is assumed that the coil radius is much larger than the
radius of the rod and that the normal to the plane of one
coil nearly coincides with the axis of the spring. Consider a
helical coil spring when subject to an axial load F.
Imagine cutting the rod with a knife at an arbitrary location
in a coil, slicing the spring in two sections. The cut exposes
an internal shear force F and an internal resisting torque
Fr, as illustrated
Assuming elastic behavior, the shear stress due to the
resisting torque varies linearly with distance from the center
of the rod to a maximum of

where is the polar moment of inertia of the rod. The shear


stress due to the shear force varies nonlinearly with distance
from the neutral axis. For the maxi-mum shear stress due to
the internal shear force is much less than the maximum shear
stress due to the resisting torque, and its effect is neglected.
leads to the conclusion that under the assumptions stated a
helical coil spring can be modeled as a linear spring of
stiffness.
PRACTI CE PROBLEM

1. The spring of Figure 1.2 is successively loaded with mass and the corresponding (static) displacement is recorded below.
Plot the data and calculate the spring's stiffness. Note that the data contain some error. Also calculate the standard
deviation.

2. Derive the solution of m˙ x ˙ + kx = 0 and plot the result for at least two periods for the case with ωn = 2 rad/s, x0 = 1
mm, and v0 = 5 mm/s.
3. Find the equation of motion for the hanging spring-mass system of Figure P1.5, and compute the natural frequency. In
particular, using static equilibrium along with Newton’s law, determine what effect gravity has on the equation of
motion and the system’s natural frequency.
4. An undamped system vibrates with a frequency of 10 Hz and amplitude 1 mm. Calculate the maximum amplitude of the
system's velocity and acceleration.
5. Find the equation of motion for the system and find the natural frequency. In particular, using static equilibrium along with
Newton’s law, determine what effect gravity has on the equation of motion and the system’s natural frequency. Assume the
block slides without friction.
OTHER SOURCES OF POTENTIAL
ENERGY
Any conservative force has an associated
potential energy function. In addition to the spring
force, this includes gravity, buoyancy, and a
parallel-plate capacitor. Gravity and buoyancy are
OTHER SOURCES OF considered.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Conservative force - is a force with the property
that the total work done in moving a particle
between two points is independent of the path
taken.
GRAVITY

The force due to the presence of a body of mass m


in a gravitational field is mg directed toward the
center of the earth applied at the mass center of
the body. Gravity is a conservative force with a
potential energy of

V = mgh

where h is the distance of the mass center above a


reference position (the datum). The potential
energy is a function of only the vertical position
of the mass center.
BUOYANCY

When a solid body is submerged in a liquid or


floating on the interface of a liquid and air, a force
acts vertically upward on the body because of the
variation of hydrostatic pressure. This force is
called the buoyant force. Archimedes’ principle
states that the buoyant force acting on a floating
or submerged body is equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced by the body.

Fb = pgV

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