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Wireless Propagation

The document discusses antennas and wireless propagation. It describes different types of antennas like dipole antennas, parabolic dish antennas, and Yagi-Uda antennas. It also covers radiation patterns, antenna gain, and the free space propagation model. The free space propagation model describes how electromagnetic signals propagate and lose power over distance in an ideal vacuum environment.

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14 views24 pages

Wireless Propagation

The document discusses antennas and wireless propagation. It describes different types of antennas like dipole antennas, parabolic dish antennas, and Yagi-Uda antennas. It also covers radiation patterns, antenna gain, and the free space propagation model. The free space propagation model describes how electromagnetic signals propagate and lose power over distance in an ideal vacuum environment.

Uploaded by

qamarbashir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Antennas & Wireless

Propagation

1
Agenda
 Antennas

 Types of Antennas

 Free Space Propagation Model


Antenna
 An electrical conductor or system of
conductors used either for radiating
electromagnetic energy into space or for
collecting the electromagnetic energy form
space .

 Two basic functions


◦ Transmission
◦ Reception
Radiation Pattern
 An antenna will radiate power in all direction
but does not perform equally well in all
directions.

 Perform of antenna is measured by its


radiation pattern.

 Generally Two Types of antenna


◦ Unidirectional/directional Antenna
◦ Omni-direction Antenna
Radiation Patterns
 Radiation pattern
◦ Graphical representation of radiation properties of
an antenna
◦ Depicted as two-dimensional cross section

 Beam width (or half-power beam width)


◦ Measure of directivity of antenna

 Reception pattern
◦ Receiving antenna’s equivalent to radiation pattern
Antenna Beamwidth & Gain
Peak (i.e. maximum) GAIN

Angle between the 3 dB


down points is the
beamwidth of the antenna
6
Antenna Gain
 Antenna gain
◦ Power output, in a particular direction, compared to
that produced in any direction by a perfect
omni-directional antenna (isotropic antenna)

 Effective area
◦ Related to physical size and shape of antenna
Antenna Gain
 Relationship between antenna gain and
effective area
2
4Ae 4f Ae
G 2 
 c2
 G = antenna gain
 Ae = effective area
 f = carrier frequency
 c = speed of light (» 3 ´ 108 m/s)
  = carrier wavelength
Isotropic Antenna
 Radiate equally in all
directions with unity
gain.

 Ideal Antenna (Practically Doesn’t Exists)

 Used as a reference to calculate the gain of


other antenna.
Measuring Antenna Gain
Halfwave Dipole
 Length is one half of wavelength.
Quarter wave Antenna
 Length is one fourth of wavelength.
Array Antennas
Yagi Uda Antenna
 Optimum spacing for gain of a reflector and driven element is
0.15 to 0.25 wavelengths

 Director to director spacings are


0.2 to 0.35 wavelengths apart.

 Reflector length is typically 0.05


wavelengths longer or a
length 1.05 that of the driven element.
Yagi Uda Antenna
Parabolic Dish Antenna
 Gain is a function of
parabolic reflector diameter.

 A collimated beam of radiation


will be produced.

 Highly directional antennas


with beamwidth of 3 to 6 degrees.

 Maximum gain & lowest beamwidth.


Types of Reflector

Offset, Front-Fed
Symmetrical, Front-Fed

Offset-Fed, Cassegranian Offset-Fed, Gregorian

17
Parabolic Dish Antenna
Applications
Gain of Antenna
4 Ae
G 
2
Free Space Propagation
Free Space Loss
 Free space loss, ideal isotropic antenna

Pt 4d  4fd 
2 2
 2
 2
Pr  c
 Pt = signal power at transmitting antenna
 Pr = signal power at receiving antenna
  = carrier wavelength
 d = propagation distance between antennas
 c = speed of light ( 3 x 108 m/s)
where d and  are in the same units (e.g., meters)
Free Space Loss
 Free space loss equation can be recast:

Pt  4d 
LdB  10 log  20 log 
Pr   

 20 log   20 logd   21.98 dB

 4fd 
 20 log   20 log f   20 logd   147.56 dB
 c 
Free Space Loss
 Free space loss accounting for gain of other
antennas
2
Pr Gr Gt 

Pt 4  d 
2 2

 Gt = gain of transmitting antenna


 Gr = gain of receiving antenna

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