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    Overview (Hala)

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    Nasser Salah
    The immune system has two main branches - innate immunity which acts quickly but non-specifically, and acquired immunity which is adaptive and develops memory. The innate system uses physical and chemical barriers while acquired immunity relies on lymphocytes. Lymphocytes include T cells which help other immune cells or kill infected cells, B cells which produce antibodies, and natural killer cells which destroy abnormal cells. Together these cells coordinate to recognize pathogens, develop targeted responses, and provide lasting protection against reinfection.

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    Overview (Hala)

    Uploaded by

    Nasser Salah
    7 views51 pages
    The immune system has two main branches - innate immunity which acts quickly but non-specifically, and acquired immunity which is adaptive and develops memory. The innate system uses physical and chemical barriers while acquired immunity relies on lymphocytes. Lymphocytes include T cells which help other immune cells or kill infected cells, B cells which produce antibodies, and natural killer cells which destroy abnormal cells. Together these cells coordinate to recognize pathogens, develop targeted responses, and provide lasting protection against reinfection.

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    The immune system has two main branches - innate immunity which acts quickly but non-specifically, and acquired immunity which is adaptive and develops memory. The innate system uses physical and chemical barriers while acquired immunity relies on lymphocytes. Lymphocytes include T cells which help other immune cells or kill infected cells, B cells which produce antibodies, and natural killer cells which destroy abnormal cells. Together these cells coordinate to recognize pathogens, develop targeted responses, and provide lasting protection against reinfection.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    7 views51 pages

    Overview (Hala)

    Uploaded by

    Nasser Salah
    The immune system has two main branches - innate immunity which acts quickly but non-specifically, and acquired immunity which is adaptive and develops memory. The innate system uses physical and chemical barriers while acquired immunity relies on lymphocytes. Lymphocytes include T cells which help other immune cells or kill infected cells, B cells which produce antibodies, and natural killer cells which destroy abnormal cells. Together these cells coordinate to recognize pathogens, develop targeted responses, and provide lasting protection against reinfection.

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    OVERVIEW OF THE

    IMMUNE SYSTEM
    Main function of Immune System
    Combating Infections
    Two arms of the Immune System:

    • Innate Immunity

    • Acquired Immunity
    Innate Immunity
    • Present since birth and onwards
    • Made of barriers, chemicals, cells
    • Very important early in infection
    • Not always successful
    • Does not improve with repeated
    exposure
    • Cannot differentiate between pathogens
    Acquired Immunity
    • Occurs along lifetime
    • Directed against certain pathogen upon
    exposure (adaptive)
    • Immunological memory develops
    • May give life-long protection
    • More delayed but very effective
    Role of Cells of the Immune
    System
    Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity
    • Granulocytes: • Lymphocytes
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils

    • Monocytes/
    macrophages
    Myeloid cells of the immune system
    Neutrophils
    • Phagocytic
    • Most numerous (60-70%)
    • Most important cells of innate IS
    • Short-lived
    • Absent from normal tissue
    • Attracted by chemotactic factors to site of
    infection
    • Dead neutrophils form pus
    Eosinophils
    • Important against helminths by release
    of toxic chemicals from granules
    • Phagocytic
    • Important in allergy
    Mast cells
    • Found in tissues (not blood)
    • Around blood vessels or in submucosa
    • Release mediators from granules →
    allergy and inflammation
    Basophils
    • Found in low concentrations in blood
    • Action similar to mast cells
    Monocytes/Macrophages
    Monocytes in blood → leave blood →
    Macrophages in tissue
    Examples of special macrophages:
    • Kupffer cells
    • Alveolar macrophages
    Functions of macrophages
    Phagocytosis
    Antigen presentation
    Lymphocytes
    • T Lymphocytes

    • B Lymphocytes

    • Natural killer Cells


    T Lymphocytes
    • Complete maturation
    in thymus
    • 75% of PBL
    • Types:
    T helper :
    Secretion of cytokines
    T cytotoxic:
    Killing target cells
    Ratio: Th : Tc = 2:1
    B Lymphocytes
    • Produced in bone
    marrow
    • Complete maturation
    in bone marrow
    • 10% of PBL
    • Change into Plasma
    Cells → antibodies
    Natural killer Cells
    • Large granular
    lymphocyte
    • Non-T, non-B
    • 10 – 15% of PBL
    • Kill abnormal cells
    • Killing Mechanism
    similar to Tc but
    recognition different
    NK cell killing target cell
    The Lymphoid Organs
    • Organized tissues where lymphoid
    cells interact with other cells
    → maturation
    → starting acquired IR
    Primary lymphoid Organs
    Where lymphocytes complete maturation
    • Bone marrow:
    B cells

    • Thymus :
    T cells
    Secondary lymphoid organs
    Where lymphocytes meet antigen → activation

    • Lymph nodes
    • Spleen
    • MALT
    • GALT
    • BALT
    • Others
    Lymph node
    Spleen
    Circulation of Lymphocytes
    Results of Recognition of Antigen by
    Specific Lymphocyte
    • Activation: Lymphocyte becomes Lymphobast

    • Proliferation: Rapid multiplication

    • Differentiation: Cells become EFFECTOR CELLS


    B cell → Plasma Cell
    Cytotoxic T Cell → capable of
    killing
    Helper T Cell → Produces
    Cytokines
    Very Important Result
    Development of Memory Cells
    • More rapid response
    • More effective response
    • Long-lasting Immunity

    Immunological memory is the most


    important biological sequence of
    acquired immunity
    Clonal selection theory: MacFarlane Burnet 1957

    Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor of unique specificity.


    .Antigen interaction leads to lymphocyte activation

    Daughter cells bear identical antigen specificity to the parent cell.


    Clonal nature of adaptive immune response
    allows for removal of harmful cells

    Opportunity to remove harmful


    specificity at an early stage of
    !!!!Cells specific for self antigen!!!! development
    IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE

    Antigen receptors recognising self antigens deleted early in lymphocyte


    development
    Differences between T and B
    Lymphocyte Receptors

    • B cell receptor is an
    immunoglobulin with
    two antigen
    recognition sites
    • T cell receptor has
    one recognition site
    Differences between T and B
    Lymphocyte Receptors
    • B cell receptor can
    be secreted
    (Antibody)
    • T cell receptor
    always a cell-surface
    molecule
    Differences between T and B Cell
    receptors
    • B cell receptor recognizes
    antigen directly
    • T cell cannot recognize
    antigen directly
    Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
    → uptake of antigen
    → break-up of antigen
    →presentation to T cell
    Recognition and Effector Mechanisms of
    Acquired Immunity
    (How pathogens are detected and destroyed)
    • Different pathogens
    → different lifestyles
    → different mechanisms of detection,
    recognition , destruction
    General rule:
    • B cells : Extracellular combat (most bacteria)
    • T cells : Intracellular combat (all viruses, some
    bacteria)
    Effector Mechanisms of Antibodies
    (Humoral immunity)
    Effector Mechanisms of T Cells
    Facts:
    1.Abs can only reach extracellular pathogens
    2.All viruses + some bacteria + some parasites
    are intracellular

    • Solution: Combat by T cells:


    (Cell-mediated Immunity)
    • T cells help B cells too!
    Cytotoxic T Cell Function: Killing
    Result:
    Infected cell is killed
    before new
    viruses are
    released
    Helper T Cell Function:
    Production of Cytokines
    TH1 TH2
    Secrete cytokines Secrete cytokines
    that activate that activate B
    macrophages cells
    → more capable of → plasma cells
    killing bacteria → production of
    inside them antibodies
    Activation of Macrophage by TH1
    Activation of B Cell by TH2
    IMPORTANT POINT
    • Type of T cell response (TH or TC)
    depends on type of pathogen
    • Result:
    Suitable Immune Response for
    particular infection
    Failure of Host Defence Mechanisms
    Immunodeficiency
    • Severe: no immunity → early death
    • Less severe: → repeated infections

    • AIDS: Virus infects T helper cells


    → immunodeficiency
    Harmful Immune Responses
    • Allergy: IR against harmless antigen

    • Autoimmune diseases: IR against self

    • Graft rejection: IR against transplant


    Summary of Beneficial and Harmful
    Immune Responses
    Manipulation of the Immune System
    Immunosuppression

    • Question: When would we want to induce


    immunosuppression?
    • Answer : Harmful Immune Responses
    • How?
    Immunosuppressant drugs → general inhibition of IR
    Better: Specific Immunosuppression
    Manipulation of the Immune System
    Immunostimulation
    • Antigen-specific immunostimulation very
    successful:
    VACCINATION:
    Introduction of whole pathogen or parts, in
    harmless form
    • Result : IR to particular pathogen → on
    exposure to real pathogen, person is already
    protected
    THANK YOU

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