Comparison of Solvent and Physical Processing in Batuan

(garcinia binucao) Seed Oil Extraction

 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• Batuan (garcinia binucao) is an indigenous crop that’s well-known because of its acidity and
medical benefits. The Batuan is a wild tree that can grow from 12 to 25 meters in height and is
usually found in southeast asian regions such as sri lanka and vietnam. In the philippines, it’s
found in abundance in the southern parts. It produces fruits that are somewhat round with a 4-5
cm in diameter and has a greenish color which turns yellow when mature. The Batuan has a firm
outer covering and contains a very sour pulp with four to six seeds inside (Manila Bulletin,
2021).
Figure 1.1 batuan (garcinia binucao)
https://agraryo.Com/agriculture/batuan-farming-for-profit /
 Figure 1.2 (Batuan tree)
https://www.Projectnoah.Org/spottings/838586002
• One notable characteristic of the Batuan fruit its sour taste, which is why Visayans add them to
their dishes to add some acidity in them. But aside from being used in dishes, the Batuan fruits
can be process to become other products such as jam, powder, jelly, and more. Another thing that
people enjoy about Batuan is that it has health benefits that can help with weight loss and
diabetes prevention. Batuan fruits are rich in vitamin C, potassium, phosphorus, calcium,
magnesium, iron, along with trace levels of zinc, copper, and manganese (Manila Bulletin, 2021).

• Figure 1.3 (Batuan jam) Figure 1.4 (batuan powder)

• Https://mumshiebcd.Linker.Store/products/batuan-jam-10681613

• Https://www.Facebook.Com/jarvisgourmetfoods/photos/a.439647589559543/928088817382082/
• One particular study conducted by student researchers Leann Patrice Ganzon and Anne Nicole
Occeña during the 2017 regional invention contest and exhibit (RICE) discovered that the fruit
and leaf of the Batuan can be lower a compilation common among diabetics known as
postprandial hyperglycemia. This happens after eating and can result in abnormally high blood
sugar levels. This research also looked in the biologically active content of the indigenous fruit
and how its antioxidant properties have the potential to counter the product of free radical that
damage cells in the body. In 2016, another study on the health benefits of Batuan was conducted
by Loraine Bainto of the university of the Philippines in los Baños. She looked into the isolation
and stability of hydroxycitric acid which known for its anti-obesity properties (Manila Bulletin,
2021).
Figure 1.5 (Student researchers Leanne Patrice A. Ganzon and Anne Nicole Occeña)
Https://pt-br.Facebook.com/iloilonhs/photos/special-science-class-leann-patrice-a-ganzon-and-anne-nicole-occe%c3%b1a/1665251420204087/
Figure 1.6 (Loraine Bainto of the University of the Philippines in Los Baños)
Https://ifst.Cafs.Uplb.Edu.Ph/personnel/ancheta-loraine-bainto/
• Oil extraction, isolation of oil from animal by-products, fleshy fruits such as the olive and palm,
and oilseeds such as cottonseed, sesame seed, soybeans, and peanuts. Oil is extracted by three
general methods: rendering, used by animal products and oleaginous fruits; mechanical pressing,
for oil bearing seeds and nuts; and extracting with volatile solvents, employed in large-scale
operations for a more complete extraction than is possible with pressing (Britannica.Com, 2022).

• The Batuan fruit has potential uses in many food products aside from its traditional uses as
souring agent in many local dishes. In spite of the potential uses of Batuan in many food
products, it remains underutilized due to very limited research information on its food processing
possibilities. Since Batuan is susceptible to spoilage when mature, lengthening its shelf life needs
corresponding food processing. Processing of Batuan into new, novel, shelf-stable, and
convenient food products will maximize its use and marketability (Philippines institution for
development studies, 2020).
• Our research intends to unleash the potential of Batuan seed as a source of edible oil by the use of
solvent and physical extraction. We want to prove the efficiency of the two methods in extracting oil
from Batuan seed and compare their performance base on the collected oil. Evaluate the oil yield of
Batuan seed and its nutritional contents to become useful to the people. Comparing solvent and
physical processing will solve the questions of individuals in terms of extraction of Batuan seed oil,
help them to identify which methods of extraction suitable for them.
 Statement of the problem

• The problem of rural farmers in terms of seed oil extraction in Batuan seeds is the process. The
people are seeking which method is more efficient in extracting oil from Batuan seeds between
solvent extraction processing and physical extraction processing. Mostly used in extracting seed
oil is solvent extraction but because of the major disadvantage like flammability, low oil
solubility and higher energy requirement for solvent recovery and meal drying, strict
precautionary have to be taken to avoid fires and minimize explosion risk, aside from that, some
solvents are very costly physical extraction is not widely used due to low oil recovery and has
been a time consuming and laborious practice (Oklahoma state university, 2016).
• Https://extension.Okstate.Edu/fact-sheets/oil-and-oilseed-processing-ii.Html
 Objectives of the study

• The general objective of the study is to evaluate the oil yield of Batuan seed using solvent and
physical extraction processing.
1. Evaluate the oil yield using solvent extraction process.
2. Evaluate the oil yield using physical extraction process
3. Compare the oil yield extracted in solvent and physical extraction processes.
4. Evaluate the seed oil chemical and physical properties.
5. Analyze the nutritional content and composition;
6. Standardize process for optimum seed oil extraction.
 Significant of the study
• The positive result of this study is important specially to the Batuan farmers and the people of
masbate in exploring the use of Batuan seed as an edible oil source. Solvent extraction refers to
preferential dissolution of oil by contacting oilseed with a liquid solvent. This is the most
efficient technique to recover oil from oilseeds (Oklahoma state university, 2016), the solvents
are easy to access and present anywhere of the province of Masbate. This study can provide
insights into the efficiency of the extraction and processing methods, helping to identify if
Batuan seed oil production can be viable industry. This has the potential to create income
opportunities for rural communities that have access to Batuan fruit trees. Understanding the
nutritional properties of batuan seed oil can help evaluate its suitability for various dietary
applications, such as cooking or as nutritional supplement. Additionally, by potentially offering a
more sustainable alternative to commonly used oils, Batuan seed oil extraction and processing
can contribute to sustainable agriculture practices (bureau of agricultural research, 2015).
 Scope and limitation of the study
• The extraction process is applicable to small scale operation in rural and urban areas. Furthermore, this
study was limited, comparison of solvent and physical processing in Batuan seed oil extraction, was
easy to operate because some of the solvents are accessible anywhere of the province of Masbate, and
the operations of extracting oil from Batuan seed can be done by anyone. However, precautionary is
need to be taken because some solvents are flammable that can cause serious injuries and since the
harvesting of Batuan fruit usually takes place in the summer months, as the fruit is at its peak maturity
during this time. In addition, the seed oil product is need to undergo through laboratory analysis for
follow up investigations.
 Time and place of the study
• This study was conducted on the Science Laboratory at the Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial
State College of Agriculture and Technology (DEBESMSCAT), Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate S.Y.
2023-2024.
 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

• Batuan fruit (garcinia binucao) was analyzed for its organic acid profile at different stages of
maturity for the development of potential food and non-food products. The analysis of organic
acid content was done using reverse-high performance liquid chromatography. Organic acids in
the dried, powdered Batuan fruit samples were extracted with the mobile phase (50mM / The
sample extracts and organic acid standards (oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid,
fumaric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, and succinic acid) were injected to RP-HPLC under
isocratic elution with the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL and using UV-vis detection at
210mn. Batuan fruit samples contain oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, fumaric
acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, and a few unidentified organic acids. Among the
organic acids present, citric acid accumulated the highest in the ripe Batuan fruit; fumaric acid,
the least. Result of this study show that Batuan fruit could be a good natural source of acidulant
for food and non-food applications (Quevedo, Dizon & Merca, 2017).
 Pharmacological Properties
• The therapeutical potential of Batuan (garcinia binucao) in preventing type two diabetes. Batuan
fruit and leaf are potential preventive remedies for lowering postprandial hyperglycemia, a
common diabetes complication that happens after eating, resulting in abnormally high blood
glucose or blood sugar levels (Ganzon & Occeña, 2017).

• The isolation and stability of hydroxycitric acid from Batuan. Hydroxycitric acid is a
compound with anti-obesity property and is common extracted from Garcinia cambogia, a tree
belonging to the same genus as Batuan. Results revealed that the extracted acid from batuan
ranges from 4.81 to 4.83 g/100 g sample therefore Batuan is a potential source of hydroxycitric
acid (Bainto, 2016).
 Extraction

• Extraction is a mandatory process for most of the industries, especially in the food processing
industry to obtain the targeted compounds from various sources such as plant or seed samples.
We five extraction techniques, pressing and solvent extraction methods are considered as
traditional techniques while supercritical fluid extraction, microwave assisted extraction, and
ultrasound assisted extractions are considered as advanced techniques. Nowadays, research is
going on to further enhance the extraction method to obtain a higher extraction yield or increase
the quality of the extraction product. The enhancement can be either combining two or more
extraction techniques into one complete process or modifying the available technique alone
(Geow, Yan, Yeap & Chin).
 Cold press in oil extraction

• Cold press is one of the methods of mechanical extraction as well as required less energy than other
oil extraction techniques and also environmental friendly. It is used to extract oil from a range of
matrices and is produced especially in the oil production from oilseeds. High-quality oil can be
obtained by performing production at low temperatures using cold press extraction method. It has an
environmentally friendly use with no solvents. In other words, the cold press extraction does not
involved either heat or chemical extraction. The soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, corn, grapeseed,
hemp, flaxseed, rice bran, olive and pumpkin oils were obtained by cold press extraction method.
Moreover, these oils are interesting for consumers due to their natural and safe as well as preventing
certain diseases and improve human health due to including a high level of lipophilic
phytochemicals such as antioxidants. However, they have aa lot of advantages, one of the
disadvantages of this technique is hard to extract same quality product. The cold press oils can add
to food as antioxidative additives due to phytochemicals and as fatty acid supplements due
invaluabile double bond fatty acid (Cakaloglu, ozyurt & otles, 2018).
 Batuan fruit for souring agent

• The organoleptic characteristic of Batuan fruit powder in terms of appearance, aroma, flavor, and general acceptability. It
determine also the economic parameters of Batuan fruit in terms of weight measurement during the time of harvest, after
drying and weight as powder and proper storage. This study started from January 2017 to October 2018 conducted at west
Visayas state university Pototan campus, Pototan, Iloilo. Results of the study revealed that Batuan fruit powder either ripe
or green are highly acceptable to the evaluators through a sensory evaluation using a five point hedonic scale. However,
green Batuan was most preferred which got the highest mean when tested to fish and pork sinigang. ANOVA results
revealed that on pork sinigang among the treatments, there is a significant difference in terms of appearance and no
significance in terms of aroma, flavor and general acceptability. However, for fish sinigang significant differences existed
in terms of appearance, aroma, flavor and acceptability. In terms of economic parameters, both fruit weighted 1kg. Upon
harvest were subjected to method of sun drying for one week. However, green Bataun has 50% yield which has a greater
shrinkage may be due to moisture content compared with ripe Batuan with 60% yield when dried. Result revealed that ripe
Batuan was difficult to ground because of the hard flinty seed considering the maturity of the fruits. Green Batuan powder
yield 50% weight when dried and decreased its weight by 50% when processed into powder form. However, ripe Batuan
fruit got 60% yield when dried and processed as powder probably because of the seed which added weight to the powder.
Batuan fruit my be stored in either sealed bags and glass bottle container and can maintain their shelf-life from six to one
year either at room temperature or under refrigeration. Result of the evaluation revealed that green Batuan powder was
most preferred by the respondents and was highly recommended as condiment with appropriate packaging for
commercialization considering its high acceptability in terms of appearance, aroma, flavor and general acceptability, ease
of preparation and processing (Dormido, Anadon, Paracale & Seniego).
 References
• HTTps://mb.Com.Ph/2021/03/03/how-to-grow-batuan-the-indigenous-visayan-fruit/
• Https://www.Britannica.Com/science/oil-extraction
• Https://extension.Okstate.Edu/fact-sheets/oil-and-oilseed-processing-ii.Html
• Https://www.Fondazioneslowfood.Com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/batwan-2/
• Quevedo, E. S., Dizon, E. I., & Merca, F. E. (2017). Organic acid profile of “batuan”[garcinia binucao
(blco.) Choisy] fruit. Annals of tropical research, 39(2), 25-33.
• Https://www.Agriculture.Com.Ph/2018/01/02/batuan-visayas-sour-fruit-may-prevent-diabetes/
• Https://www.Experiencenegros.Com/batwan-fruit-is-the-best/
• Geow, C. H., Tan, M. C., Yeap, S. P., & Chin, N. L. (2021). A review on extraction techniques and its
future applications in industry. European journal of lipid science and technology, 123(4), 2000302.
• Cakaloglu, b., Ozyurt, V. H., & Otles, S. (2018). Cold press in oil extraction. A review. Ukrainian
food journal, (7, issue 4), 640-654.
• Https://www.Researchpublish.Com/upload/book/processing%20and%20evaluation%20of%20bat
uan-7679.Pdf