Organic Acid

PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS
BY MICROORGANISMS
(F.T-704)
By:
Ali Asad Yousaf (04-arid-35)
M. Adeel Javed (04-arid-92)
M.Sc.(HONS) Food Technology
1st Semester
INTRODUCTION
An organic acid is an organic compound with
acidic properties and associated with their
carboxyl group -COOH.
Widely Used as:

 Food additives
 Chemical feed-stock
Production:
By Chemicals
By microorganisms
Organic acids produced by M.O
Organic acid Organism

Acetic acid Acetobacter aceti, etc
Citric acid A. niger

Lactic acid Lactobacillus bulgaricus
L. delbrueckii
Gluconic acid A. niger

Acetobacter suboxydans
Kojic acid Aspergillus flavus
Itanoic acd Aspergillus itaconicus
Fumaric acid Candida sp.

Propionic acid Propioni-becterium
THE GENERIC PRODUCTION PROCESS
UPSTREAM PROCESSES
1. Strains selection
2. Media formulation
3. Inoculum development
4. Sterilization
5. Production
FERMENTATION
DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES
Process Control1. Product extraction
2. Purification & assay
3. Product recovery
STRAINS SELECTION FOR ORGANIC
ACID PRODUCTION
♣ More acid producing

♣ Lower side products
♣ Minimum toxicity
♣ Easy to handle
♣ Time factor
SUBSTRATE SELECTION
1. Low cost
2. Low levels of contaminants
3. Fast fermentation rate
4. Little or no by-product formation
5. Ability to be fermented with little or no
pretreatment
6. Year-round availability
Organic acid Yield % Substrate
Acetic acid 98 Whey, Malt
Citric acid 70 Sugarcane

molasses
Lactic acid 90 Sucrose
(sugarcane, beet)
Gluconic acid 90-95 Glucose
Kojic acid 70-90 Glucose

(wheat germ, corn
steep)
Itanoic acd 78 Sugar molasses
glucose
NUTRIENT MEDIA
 Carbohydrate source
 Optimum mineral contents
 Nitrogen contents
 pH
PRODUCTION OF INOCULUM
Spore Solution Production
Spores production in glass bottles on solid substrates
Preliminary fermentation
Addition of nutrient solution
Formation of mycelium in the form of pellets
Pellets are used as the inoculum for the

production in fermenters
PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Industrial processes
Surface Submerged
Solid Liquid Stirred Airlift

media media reactor reactor
Laboratory Fermenters
Industrial Scale fermenters
Surface Culture Method
In this method the organism is allowed to grow

on the surface of a liquid/solid medium
without agitation.
Advantages:
♣ The cost is low; it is relatively simple and
easy to control
♣ Higher acid concentrations are obtained
♣ The tank occupies less space
♣ Evaporation losses are low
Submerged Processes
In this process, the organism is grown in a liquid
medium which is vigorously aerated and agitated in
large fermenters.
Advantages:
♣ The submerged cultivation permits 30
times faster
♣ A smaller reactor volume is needed
♣ Greater efficiency is achieved
♣ Yields are 5-8% higher and more than
90% of the theoretical yield is obtained
♣ The process can be highly automated
♣ Increased economy owing to the
elimination of clogging by shavings,
interruptions, etc.
♣ The ratio of productivity to capital
investment is much higher in the case of
submerged cultivation
Outline of a fermentation process
Upstream processing
Raw Materials Production microorganism
Fermentation
Downstream processing
Product purification
Product
Downstream Processing
It refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic

products, such as organic acids, enzymes,
pharmaceuticals etc from fermentation broth.
Stages in Downstream Processing
1. Removal of insoluble materials

2. Product Isolation
3. Product Purification
4. Product Polishing
1) Removal of insoluble materials
 Filtration
 Centrifugation
 Sedimentation
 Flocculation
2) Product Isolation
 Solvent extraction
 Adsorption
 Precipitation
3) Product Purification
 Size exclusion chromatography

 Reversed phase chromatography
 Crystallization
 Fractional precipitation.
4) Product Polishing
 Crystallization
 Desiccation
 Lyophilization
 Spray drying
Product Recovery of Lactic Acid
 First filtration
 Then activated vegetable carbon is used to bleach the
calcium lactate for production of food grade acid
 Then, the calcium lactate is evaporated to a 37% conc.
 Then acidification with 63% sulfuric acid, and the
CaSO4 precipitate is removed by a continuous filter
 Repeat 3-4 times
Contd….
 The lactic acid is then evaporated & collected
 Edible grade acid is diluted to 50 - 80%
 Then again bleached with activated carbon and

treatment with sodium sulfide to remove heavy
metals
 Then again bleached with carbon before

packaging.
Concentrated
Organic Acid
Membrane Filtration Electro dialysis

Downstream processing depends
on product use
1. For technical use as in paints, chemicals etc. Less purity

is required
2. Use in food as preservatives, flavor enhancer etc. High

purity is required
3. Pharmaceutical use such as in ointments, medicine

preparations etc. High purity is required
Uses of Acetic Acid
 In adhesives, textiles, paints and paper in the form of
vinyl acetate monomer (VAM)
 Its derivative purified terephthalic acid (PTA) is
used in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles
Acetic anhydride is a reagent for the production of
aspirin, heroin, and other compounds
 In the form of vinegar
 As a solvent for re-crystallization to purify organic
compounds
 Use in de-scaling agents to remove lime-scale from
taps and kettles
Uses of Citric Acid
 It enhance the flavor of fruit juices

 In pharmaceutical industry used as a source of
iron
 As preservative for stored blood, tablets,
ointments, and in cosmetic preparations
 Use for the treatment of textiles
 In metal industry for the production of metal

citrates
Uses of Lactic Acid
For the production of stearoyl-2-lactylates which is

mostly used in baking as an emulsifier
Used in brines for processing and packaging foods
such as olives, pickles and sauerkraut
For preparation of cheese, sour cream and cheese cake
In the manufacture of rubber products, textile and
paper printing the 'brightening' of silk and rayon, and
textile dyeing
Calcium lactate tri-hydrate is used as a dietary calcium
source and also as a blood coagulant
Uses of Gluconic Acid
 Used as an acidity regulator
 Also used in cleaning products where it dissolves mineral
deposits especially in alkaline solution
 As chelating agent
 Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat
burns from hydrofluoric acid
Uses of Itaconic Acid
The main use of itaconic acid is the plastic industry

Also used in the paper industry for wall paper and
other paper products and in the production of adhesives
Used as teeth bond made
Used as binding agent for paper and celluloid
Uses of Kojic Acid
Used as a by-product in the fermentation process of
malting rice, for use in the manufacturing of sake
Kojic acid can inhibit skin melanin formation & widely
used in high-quality brightening cosmetic, bath cream,
toothpaste
As antiseptic, antioxidant, preservative and color stabilizer
in meat processing
Used as pollution-free pesticide in insecticide production
Also used as an important material in antibiotic –
cethamycin & anodyne
References
 http://en.wikipedia.org
 http://www.motochem.com/cp_04/itaconic_acid.htm
 www.microbiologyprocedure.com
 www.niir.org/ g/c/ni-82/20.jpg
 http://science.jrank.org/pages/3782/Lactic-Acid-Uses-
lactic-acid.html
 http://www.icis.com/V2/Chemicals/9074779/acetic-
acid/uses.html
References
 http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/RE039175/fulltext.html
 http://thebeautybrains.com/2008/11/01/is-kojic-acid-skin-
lightening-safe
 http://www.aurasnaturebeauty.org/kojicacid.htm
 Doran, PM (2003) Bioprocess Engineering Principles.

Academic Press. San Diego.
 Blanch, HW, Clark, DS. (1997) Biochemical Engineering.

Marcel Dekker. New York.
 Microsoft Encarta 2007

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PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS

Widely Used as:

Organic acid Organism

Citric acid A. niger

Gluconic acid A. niger

Kojic acid Aspergillus flavus

Itanoic acd Aspergillus itaconicus

Fumaric acid Candida sp.

♣ More acid producing

Citric acid 70 Sugarcane

Gluconic acid 90-95 Glucose

Kojic acid 70-90 Glucose

Spore Solution Production

Spores production in glass bottles on solid substrates

Addition of nutrient solution

Formation of mycelium in the form of pellets

Pellets are used as the inoculum for the

Solid Liquid Stirred Airlift

In this method the organism is allowed to grow

It refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic

1. Removal of insoluble materials

 Size exclusion chromatography

 Edible grade acid is diluted to 50 - 80%

 Then again bleached with activated carbon and

 Then again bleached with carbon before

Membrane Filtration Electro dialysis

1. For technical use as in paints, chemicals etc. Less purity

2. Use in food as preservatives, flavor enhancer etc. High

3. Pharmaceutical use such as in ointments, medicine

 It enhance the flavor of fruit juices

 In metal industry for the production of metal

For the production of stearoyl-2-lactylates which is

The main use of itaconic acid is the plastic industry

 Doran, PM (2003) Bioprocess Engineering Principles.

 Blanch, HW, Clark, DS. (1997) Biochemical Engineering.

 Microsoft Encarta 2007

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