DATA

COLLECT
ION
METHOD
S
Here starts the
lesson!
 - One major advantage of the direct
DIRECT method is that questions can be
METHOD repeated, rephrased, or modified
- is often called the “interview for better understanding. Also,
method” answers may be clarified, thus
ensuring more precise
- is done through direct and personal
information. With the direct or
contact of the researcher with
interview method, immediate
the person from whom data will
response is ensured; but very
be collected
often it is too costly and can
cover only a limited number of
- is executed by asking the individuals.
interviewee a series of questions
 INDIRECT
METHOD - This method is advantageous
since it lessens the time and
- is also known as the “questionnaire
method.” effort needed by the researcher
to conduct the interview.
- is executed through the use of However, there is no guarantee
either an online questionnaire or a that those respondents given the
paper form questionnaire questionnaire will answer
distributed to groups of people that honestly and return the said
are, most of the time, randomly questionnaires.
selected
REGISTRATION
METHOD - Those in business make their
projection of trends and values
- is done through the gathering of
data from concerned offices based on historical data.
- In school, guidance counselors
keep students’ records for future
EXAMPLES: reference.
- If you need information about a - In companies, records of
population, the appropriate individual employees are kept and
office to visit is the Philippine later used as bases for promotion.
Statistics Authority (PSA).
OBSERVATION
METHOD
- is purely based on the subjective
- One limitation of this method
lies in the fact that in most
remarks of the observer cases, observation is made only
at the time of occurrence of the
- is applicable to data pertaining to appropriate events. A
attitude, behavior, and values of psychologist, for example, has to
individuals wait for a fire to break out in
order to obtain records of the
- subjects may be observed behaviors of certain types of
individually or collectively students during such situations.
depending on the objectives of
the investigator
EXPERIMENTAL
METHOD - Does the new brand of fertilizer
increase the harvest of rice per
- is the method that determines the
hectare? Is drug A more
cause-and-effect relationships of
effective than drug B in
a certain parameter or event
relieving muscle pains? Does
under a controlled condition
soap X really kill 90% of the
germs that cause body odor?
Data needed to answer these
examples of questions may be
- is the method usually used by obtained through a series of
researchers in the field of experiments.
sciences
Most of the time population is
used simultaneously with a
sample. The elements in a
sample are drawn from the
population.
How to get the sample size?
 Sample Size
Formula
′
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒗𝒊 𝒏 𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂
𝑵
𝒏= 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆
sample size(, with population () and margin of error(e)
 NOTE:
The margin of error is set at 0.05
when the study is descriptive and
0.01 is set when the study is
along medical or experimental.
Example
A researcher wants to conduct a
study in a university with 10, 000
students. If he wants to achieve
90% precision, how many
students must he take as his
sample?

Given: N = 10, 000; e = 10%

Given: N = 5, 000; e = 5%
Unknown: n
Example
In a population of 5,000 students
enrolled at Saint Louis College in
a particular school year, what
sample size is needed to get an
accurate result for the study using
the margin of error:

a. 1%
b. 2.5%
c. 5%
Example
Find the precision of a certain
study if a sample of 200 cars is
used over a population of 15,300
cars.
Example
How many people are in a certain
instruction from which a study is
conducted if a precision of 95%
allows a sample size of 394
people?
 SPECIAL NOTE:
When the calculated sample size
is not a whole number, it should be
rounded up to the next higher whole
number. Rounding up a sample size
calculation for conservativeness
ensures that your sample size will
always be representative of the
population.
SAMPLIN
G
TECHNIQ
UES
Sampling Techniques
In the collection of data, 1. Probability Sampling
the number of samples and the 2. Restricted Random Sampling
a.Systematic Sampling
nature of the sample to be
b.Stratified Sampling
chosen are critical for the
3. Cluster Sampling
study to have a reliable result. 4. Non-random Sampling
There are different ways to c. Purposive Sampling
choose samples. d. Quota – Sampling
e. Convenience Sampling
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
- is also called the Simple - Good examples of this
Random Sampling sampling are the lottery and
- the samples are randomly raffle
picked and therefore the selection - Example: In selecting 5
of the sample is without any bias grade 9 out of 40 students in
- Each member of the population a section, a lottery may be
has an equal chance of being done.
picked as part of the sample
RESTRICTED A. SYSTEMATIC
RANDOM SAMPLING
SAMPLING
- is often times used when the - The selection of the sample
population to be considered is done by picking every kth
is too large element of the population.
- There are two types of The kth element in the
restricted random sampling population is obtained using
summarized as follows: the given formula below:

or
RESTRICTED Step 1. Find the sample
RANDOM Given: N = 10, 000
SAMPLING
A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING e = 100% - 90% = 10%
Example 1: A researcher wants Solution:
to conduct a study in a university
with 10, 000 students with 90%
precision. If he used systematic
sampling, find the kth member he
must include in his sample.
RESTRICTED Step 2. Find the kth member
RANDOM
SAMPLING
A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING = = 100
Example 1: A researcher wants
to conduct a study in a university Thus, every 100th member of the
with 10, 000 students with 90% population was picked.
precision. If he used systematic
sampling, find the kth member he
must include in his sample.
RESTRICTED Step 1. Find the sample
RANDOM Given: N = 5, 000
SAMPLING
A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING e = 5%
Example 2: A researcher would Solution:
want to make a socio-economic
survey of a school with a
population of 5, 000 students
with a 5% margin of error. If he
used systematic sampling, find
the kth member he must include in
his sample.
RESTRICTED Step 2. Find the kth member
RANDOM
SAMPLING
A. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING = = 13.48
Example 2: A researcher would
want to make a socio-economic Thus, every 13th member of the
survey of a school with a population was picked.
population of 5, 000 students
with a 5% margin of error. If he Special Note: In here, follow
used systematic sampling, find the rule in rounding off
the kth member he must include in numbers.
his sample.
RESTRICTED 1. Determine the distribution
RANDOM of the population in each
SAMPLING
B. STRATIFIED SAMPLING stratum;
- The population is divided into 2. Find the percentage of each
strata (groups) based on their stratum from the
homogeneity or commonalities. population; and
The steps in doing the stratified 3. Multiply the percentage of
sampling are as follows: each stratum by the sample
size (n).
RESTRICTED
RANDOM Distribution of
SAMPLING
B. STRATIFIED SAMPLING Strata
Population
Example 1: In a certain study, 200
samples are taken from a population UST 15, 000
of 50,000 individuals. The
UP 10, 000
population is divided into strata
based on their schools. Based on the NU 25, 000
following information below, how
can the researcher pick 200 samples Total 50, 000
using stratified sampling?
 Strata Distribution of Population Sample Units per Stratum

UST 15,000

UP 10,000

NU 25,000

Total 50,000 200

Thus, you need to choose 60 from UST, 40 from UP, and 100 from NU to
have a total of 200 sample units.
 turnover by doing a survey. The
RESTRICTED corporation is divided into different
RANDOM departments: Administrative,
SAMPLING
B. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Manufacturing, Finance, Warehousing,
and Research and Development. The total
Example 2: A certain corporation has number of workers is 490. How will you
always been plagued with the problem of pick the sample units if the corporation
fast worker turnover. Every year, a wants 20% of the employees to be
sizeable number of its workers leave the surveyed?
corporation to look for work elsewhere.
Since it gives adequate salaries to its
Departments Employees
employees compared to the wages of
Administrative 250
other corporations of the same class and
Manufacturing 120
size, executives of the corporation were Finance 85
perplexed by the situation and wanted to Warehousing 20
find out the reason for the high rate of Research and
worker 15
Development
Total 490
 Note: Management wants 20% of the
population, which is 98 sample units, to
be surveyed.

Number of Sample
Departments Employees
Units

Administrative 250 x 98 = 50

Manufacturing 120 x 98 = 24

Finance 85 x 98 = 17

Warehousing 20 x 98 = 4

Research and Development 15 x 98 = 3

Total 490 98
RESTRICTED
RANDOM
SAMPLING
B. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Example 3: The NU Bulldogs have a total
of 387 athletes participating in different
UAAP sports. If 185 of them take sport
and wellness courses, 32 take education
courses, 68 take marketing and
management, 52 take computer studies
while the remaining 50 take accountancy,
find the number of samples from each
category given that 75 athletes are to be
chosen as the sample.
CLUSTER
SAMPLING
- this technique is frequently
applied on a geographical basis
when the population from which
a sample is to be selected
includes heterogeneous groups
NON-RANDOM a. Purposive Sampling
SAMPLING b. Quota – Sampling
c. Convenience Sampling
- In this technique, not all
population has an equal
chance to be selected. The
selection is influenced by the
goal of the researcher. There
are three forms of non-
random sampling:
NON-RANDOM The possibility is that you will
SAMPLING choose the athletes of the
university by purpose. Or let us
A. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING say, for example, you want to
The samples are chosen know the modern ways of
based on purpose or certain teaching Mathematics in junior
criteria. For example, in a high school. You need to choose
population of college students, the Mathematics teachers as your
you are studying the effects of respondents.
being sporty in academic
performance.
NON-RANDOM An admission test will be the
SAMPLING basis and a quota rule is already
stated even before the exam. For
B. QUOTA SAMPLING example, the top 5% of the
In this technique, a certain examinees shall be admitted by
limit is pre-established to the school.
determine who among the
population can be part of the
sample. A good example of this is
the determination of the students
who can qualify to enroll in a
school.
NON-RANDOM For example, the researcher is
SAMPLING doing a study about the
performance of colleges and
C. CONVENIENCE universities in the Philippines. If
SAMPLING the researcher lives near Manila,
The sample is selected he has the option to take the
based on the accessibility of the colleges and universities in
researcher in convenience Manila as samples.
sampling.
ACTIVITY
Solve for what is asked in each 3. Determine the number of samples that
question. can be selected from a population of
1. How many sample units must be 17,458 people if every 301 st person
obtained from 7,000 employees if a is taken as part of the sample.
10% margin of error is used?
2. Find the margin of error of the
research conducted by DOST about
the people affected by the Mayon
Volcano eruption if a sample of 100
people is used over a population of
15,000.