L3 Philosophy

A body glows because
of the amazing spirit

held within.
LESSO
3 THE HUMAN
N
BODY AS AN
EMBODIED
SPIRIT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
• Identify the basic concept about the body;

• Differentiate monism from dualism;
• Explain what is meant by “ having bodies”; and
• Explain what is meant by “ being bodies”.
LEARNING CONTENT
I. Terms to Remember
II. The Body
III. Dualism (Having Bodies)
IV. Monism (Being Bodies)
HUMAN BODY
A complex, highly organized structure made up of
unique cells that work together to accomplish the
specific functions necessary for sustaining life.
Overview of the Human Body: Cells, Tissues,
Organs, and Organ Systems.
EMBODIED SPIRIT
A spirit being incarnated; does not necessarily
refer to the incarnation or materialization of spirit
as an immaterial entity.
The body is not separate from the soul, just as
the soul is not separate from the body.
MATTER HUMAN PERSON
FORM
I
TERM
S TO
R
E
M
E
M
B
E
R
Substance
A substance is the
unchanging essence of a
thing, which exists by itself
and has attributes and modes
that may change.
Causal Interaction
A causal interaction is a form of
communication driven by causation.
Causality is the law that states that each

cause has a specific effect and that this
effect is dependent on the initial identities
of the agents involved.
Object
An object is a thing, an entity, or a being that
can have properties and bear relations to
other purposes. They are usually types of
particulars, but there can also be abstract
objects.
A particular is an individual concrete object

which cannot be copied without introducing
new distinct particulars.
Phenomenon
A phenomenon is a thing as it
appears to be, as constructed by
the mind and perceived by the
senses.
I
T
H
B
O
D
E Y
Philosophers believe the body as any material object
is with our perception, though its actual philosophical
definition concerning the soul/mind is in question. Its
basic properties are size, mass, and impenetrability.
Phenomenologists distinguish the human body, called
body-subject because it is related to subjectivity. The
classic question is the relationship between body and
soul.
Philosophers provide
their definitions of the
body…
“Our body is the
envelope of the soul,
which, in turn, is the
guardian and
protector.”
-Lucretius
“The soul never reasons
better than when it as
completely isolated itself
by sending the body
walk.”
-Plato
A:Plato believed that humans could be broken down into 3 parts:
the body, the mind and the soul. The body is the physical part of the
body that is only concerned with the material world, and through
which we are able to experience the world we live in. it wants to
experience self-gratification. It is mortal, and when it dies, it is truly
dead. The mind is directed towards the heavenly realm of Ideas, and
is immortal. It is with our minds that we are able to understand the
eternal world of the Forms. When it 'dies' it returns to the realm of
Ideas. The soul is the driving force of the body, that it is what gives
us our identity.
“The word body is very equivocal.
When we speak of a body in general,
we mean a specific part of the material
and set the amount in which the
universe is composed. But when we
speak of the body of a man or woman,
we hear any matter which is united
with the soul of man” (Passions of the
Soul).
-Descartes
● Descartes argues that the mind is indivisible because
he cannot perceive himself as having any parts. On the
other hand, the body is divisible because he cannot
think of a body except as having parts. Hence, if mind
and body had the same nature, it would be a nature
both with and without parts. Yet such a thing is
unintelligible: how could something both be separable
into parts and yet not separable into parts? The answer
is that it can’t, and so mind and body cannot be one
and the same but two completely different natures
“I mean a mode that the
body expresses the essence
of God as it is regarded as
something heard, in a
certain and determined.”
- Spinoza
● Spinoza claims that the mind and body are
one and the same. But he also claims that
the mind thinks and does not move,
whereas the body moves and does not
think.
“Each organic body of living
is a kind of divine machine,
or natural automaton, which
infinitely surpasses all
artificial automata”
(Monadology).
-Leibniz
I
D
U
A
L
I
S
H
A
V
I
N
G
B
O
D
I
M E
S
In Philosophy of Mind, dualism is the position that
mind and body are in some definite way separate from
each other. That mental phenomena are, in some respects,
non-physical.
History
Dualism can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle and the
early Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy.
Plato
(Theory of Forms)
Distinct and immaterial substances of which the
objects and other phenomena that we perceive in
the world are nothing more than mere shadows. He
argued that for the intellect to have access to these
universal concepts or ideas, the mind must itself be
a non-physical, immaterial entity.
Aristotle
Argued that if the intellect were a specific material
organ (or part of one), then it would be restricted to
receiving only certain kinds of information (in the
same way as the eye is limited to receiving visual
data). Since the intellect can receive and reflect on
all forms of data, then it must not be a physical
organ, and so must be immaterial.
Neo-Platonic Christians
Identified Plato’s Forms with souls. They believed
that the soul was the substance of each human
being, while the body was just a shadow or copy
of these eternal phenomena.
St. Thomas Aquinas
The soul was still the substance of the human
being but, similar to Aristotle’s proposal, it was
only through its manifestation inside the human
body that a person could be said to be a person.
René Descartes
Dualism was most precisely formulated by René
Descartes in the 17th century. Descartes was the
first to develop the mind-body problem in the form
in which it exists today, and the first to identify the
mind with consciousness and self-awareness, and
to distinguish this from the brain, which was the
physical set of intelligence.
René Descartes
He realized that he could doubt whether he had a
body (it could be that he was dreaming of it or that
it was an illusion created by an evil demon), but he
could not doubt whether he had a mind, which
suggested to him that the mind and body must be
different things.
V
B
M E
I
O N
N G
I O
B
S D
I
ME
S
Monism is the metaphysical and
theological view that all is one, that there
are no fundamental divisions, and that a
unified set of laws underlie all of nature.
The universe, at the deepest level of
analysis, is then one thing or composed of
one fundamental kind of stuff.
Monism is used in a variety of contexts
within Metaphysics, Epistemology,
Ethics, Philosophy of Mind.
…but the underlying concept is always that of “oneness.”

Wherever Dualism distinguishes between body and soul,
matter and spirit, object and subject, matter and force,
Monism denies such a distinction or merges both in a
higher unity.
The term “monism” itself is relatively
recent, first used by the 18th-century
German philosopher Christian von Wolff to
designate types of philosophical thought in
which the attempt was made to eliminate the
dichotomy of body and mind.
THAN
K
YOU!

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A body glows because

of the amazing spirit

• Identify the basic concept about the body;

Causality is the law that states that each

A particular is an individual concrete object

…but the underlying concept is always that of “oneness.”

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