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    Phylogeny and The Tree of Life

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    Samar El-Malah
    This document discusses phylogeny and the tree of life. It explains that systematics is used to classify organisms and determine their evolutionary relationships through tools like fossils, morphology, and molecular evidence. Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams that show evolutionary history, with taxonomic categories indicating relatedness. The three domains of life are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

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    Phylogeny and The Tree of Life

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    Samar El-Malah
    27 views19 pages
    This document discusses phylogeny and the tree of life. It explains that systematics is used to classify organisms and determine their evolutionary relationships through tools like fossils, morphology, and molecular evidence. Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams that show evolutionary history, with taxonomic categories indicating relatedness. The three domains of life are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

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    This document discusses phylogeny and the tree of life. It explains that systematics is used to classify organisms and determine their evolutionary relationships through tools like fossils, morphology, and molecular evidence. Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams that show evolutionary history, with taxonomic categories indicating relatedness. The three domains of life are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    27 views19 pages

    Phylogeny and The Tree of Life

    Uploaded by

    Samar El-Malah
    This document discusses phylogeny and the tree of life. It explains that systematics is used to classify organisms and determine their evolutionary relationships through tools like fossils, morphology, and molecular evidence. Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams that show evolutionary history, with taxonomic categories indicating relatedness. The three domains of life are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

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    You are on page 1of 19

    Chapter 26

    Phylogeny and the Tree of Life


    What you need to know:
    • The taxonomic categories and how they indicate
    relatedness.
    • How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic
    trees.
    • The three domains of life including their
    similarities and their differences.
    Systematics: classifying organisms and
    determining their evolutionary
    relationships
    Taxonomy
    (classification)
    Systematics
    Phylogenetics
    (evolutionary history)
    Tools used to determine evolutionary relationships:
    1. Fossils
    2. Morphology (homologous structures)
    3. Molecular evidence (DNA, amino acids)

    Who is more closely related?

    Animals and fungi are more


    closely related than either is
    to plants.
    Taxonomy: science of classifying and
    naming organisms
    • Binomial nomenclature (Genus species)

    Naming system developed by


    Carolus Linnaeus.
    REMEMBER!!
    •Dear King Philip Came Over
    For Good Spaghetti
    •Dear King Philip Crossed
    Over Five Great Seas
    •Dear King Philip Came Over
    From Germany Stoned
    •Your own???
    Phylogenetic Tree
    • Branching diagram that shows evolutionary
    history of a group of organisms
    Activity: Constructing a Cookie
    Phylogenetic Tree
    •Clade = group of species that includes an
    ancestral species + all descendants
    •Shared derived characteristics are used to
    construct cladograms
    Monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic
    groups
    Constructing a phylogenetic tree

    A 0 indicates a character is absent; a 1


    indicates that a character is present.
    Branch lengths can represent genetic change
    Branch lengths can indicate time
    Draw a phylogenetic tree based on the data below. Draw
    hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin(s) of each of
    the 6 characters.
    Answer:
    • Principle of maximum parsimony: use simplest
    explanation (fewest DNA changes) for tree –
    “keep it simple”
    • Molecular clocks: some regions of DNA appear
    to evolve at constant rates
    ▫ Estimate date of past evolutionary events
    ▫ Eg. Origin of HIV infection in humans= 1930’s
    Tree of Life
    • 3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
    SYSTEMATICS
    es o n
    focus
    phylogeny
    Biological diversity

    taxonomy cladistics

    classification
    Identification D
    of species K Homologous
    P similarities fossils
    binomial C
    O
    F molecular
    Genus, species G
    S morphology

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